History is often as controversial a subject as there is in American society. A person may be heroic to some people but villainous to somebody else. Controversy is to be expected when teaching New Mexico history. No matter what material is used to teach New Mexico history, someone will find it “controversial.” The teacher’s goal should be to have students study both sides of any controversy and let students make their own decision as to what to believe. The teacher's opinion should not be forced on students. It is also recommended that an author's bias, pro or con, be discussed openly whenever possible."
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ACTIVITIES (PDF format)
FOREWORD
All items in the ACTIVITIES—QUESTIONS—ANSWERS sections are from the State adopted NEW MEXICO: A BRIEF MULTI-HISTORY by Rubén Sálaz Márquez.
The professional lesson plans provided herein for use with New Mexico: A Brief Multi-History are extensive by necessity because they are intended to enable teachers to select materials for their level of students. The intent is to have students Read-Write-Speak on New Mexico history, not the mere memorization of “factoids.”
Do not become overwhelmed by the amount of material available for teaching New Mexico history in these lesson plans. Obviously, no single teacher will use all the strategies provided below because there would not be enough time in the school year. Their purpose is to enable the teacher to exercise SELECTION. By judicious use of this guide, specific lesson plans/strategies/ideas can be utilized by professionals at the elementary, mid-school, high school, or college level. For example, for the one semester of New Mexico History required for high school graduation, the Profile Biography sections, 39 items in the STATEHOOD section alone, could suffice for the semester because 20th century New Mexico history is reflected in these biographies. If that is the choice, it should not be forgotten that the present can also be used to illuminate the past, and vice versa. Additionally, expect controversy because differing opinions in class can lead to topics that should be discussed/debated using documented evidence and sound logic. Understanding the New Mexican present and past is crucial to recognizing New Mexican realities, good or bad. The teacher should emphasize that ideas, not the person articulating them, are being discussed.
Use of the biographies are only one small part of lesson plan possibilities that could be selected by the teacher. For example, basics for the 9th grade course could be (1) Vocabulary building, (2) Biography as History, (3) specific, teacher assigned research topics, (4) and learning games like Jeopardy or Password.
. As you will recognize, these lesson plans were created by a career classroom professional. They will not be construed as “boring.” Compare them in scope, creativity, potential for productivity, etc., to any others provided with any other textbook.
Every effort has been made to organize these materials to facilitate their use in the classroom. Do not be overwhelmed by the amount of material presented in New Mexico: A Brief Multi-History or in the lesson plans below. It would be good to review all strategies provided but it is not necessary to download the entire “Learning and Teaching Guide.” A good starting strategy would be to make a copy of the Table of Contents for the
ACTIVITIES—QUESTIONS—ANSWERS segments then decide what would be appropriate for your students. Copy those files and structure them for use in your particular classroom. Other items can be copied as necessary during the school year.
Feel free to contact the author by email: Saljustin@msn.com
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Introduction
New Mexico: A Brief Multi-History is intended as an overview of New Mexico’s long, rich history. The essence of our lesson plans is a hands-on effort to have students read assigned material, write a report on it, then present the information orally to the class. The student will thus be required to READ—WRITE—SPEAK on New Mexico history.
VOCABULARY BUILDING should be an integral part of any presentation, especially with younger learners. Depending on the teacher, the material can be used as a resource at all levels or as a basic text from Mid School through University classes. Students should be assigned according to their intellectual maturity. For example, elementary or Mid School students should review the vocabulary associated with the study of NM history and then could be directed to study the biography of certain New Mexicans in a particular period (Spanish, Mexican, Territorial, Statehood). As knowledge of basic information increases, High School students could be directed to study the sections labeled “Professions” or aspects like “Santero Art/Santeros” and “Penitentes.” University students might be directed to study and be able to discuss the Annotated Bibliography as a starting point then, after basic knowledge is achieved, dwell more on the Comparative History sections under the “TIMELINE” labels. Consult the ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY for additional sources when needed for a particular topic.
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INDEX for ACTIVITIES:
PART I: BASIC VOCABULARY
Pages 1-100
Pages 501-610
PART II: BASIC ACTIVITIES
1. Create a chronological list of all biographies in the MULTI-HISTORY.
3. Select the biographies above according to the following categories:
4. Based on the Biographies in the MULTI-HISTORY, write a comparison of the following personalities:
5. Create a map for the following EXPLORATIONS:
9. Using the Profile Biographies
10. ON YOUR OWN
PART III: INTERMEDIATE ACTIVITIES
E. Greatest Gunfight in the West
PART IV: ADVANCED ACTIVITIES
B. Comparative History: TIMELINE
D. Recommended Books and Authors
E.
PART V: INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
[End of INDEX]
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PART I: BASIC VOCABULARY
(All vocabulary words are defined according to the context in which they appear in the MULTI-HISTORY.)
A.D.—In the Year of Our Lord (from Latin: Anno Domini)
Admiral of the Ocean Sea—title given to Columbus
allies--friends
America—from the Latin (name) “Americus” (from “Amerigo” Vespucci)
Angle—one of the Germanic (German) tribes who settled in England around 400 A.D.; “Angle” gives us “Anglo”
Amerind(s), Amerindian(s)—Indian(s) from the Americas
Anasazi—thought to be ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians
annual—once a year; yearly
assimilation—to be absorbed and become a regular part of a culture
Athabascan—refers to Apache and/or Navajo people
B.C.--Before Christ
bison—buffalo
blasphemy—insulting speech or behavior directed at God
brink—on the edge of
ca.—around; about
cannibalism—eating human flesh
caravan—a group or line of wagons (or other wheeled vehicles)
carnage—bloody slaughter
censure—strongly criticize
Christianization—to make into Christians
chronicle—written record
colleague—a fellow worker who works in your kind of job
colonist—person who lives in a colony or group of people
conciliate—to become friends again
congregation—gathering
conjecture—maybe yes maybe no
Culture—anything having to do with how people live (28)
Decree—an official order from a court, Church, government, etc.
demise—death; the end
designation—name or label
disassociate—separate completely from
doctrine--belief
don/doña—initials from the Spanish phrase “de origen noble” (of noble origin)
drought (drouth)—a serious lack of water for a long time
entrada—Spanish for “entry” into unknown land
etc.—et cetera; Latin for “and so on”
expedition—a group of people going somewhere for a definite purpose
extant—in existence
extermination—to kill all
extinction—no longer in existence
famine—when there is a shortage of food
festivities—happy behavior
feud—arguing and fighting for a long time
foraging—looking for food
founded—started; begun
Four Corners—place where the four States of NM, Az., Co., and Utah meet
fountainhead—the original or main source of something
friar—member of religious order (Franciscan, Jesuit, Dominican, etc.)
garrison—military troops, usually stationed in a fort
genízaro—person acculturating to Hispanic society, descended from (usually) plains Indians
“Golden Age”—highest development
heresy—a belief that goes against what is taught by a certain religion (53)
Hispalis—Phoenician name for Spain from 3200 years ago
Hispani—people who lived in Spain 3200 years ago
Hispaniarium—Roman name for Spain/Portugal; from “Hispani” above
Hispania—later Roman name for Spain (which gives us “España”)
Hispano—(Hispanic) person with blood or cultural ties to Spain
humanitarian—a person who does good for people
humiliate—to make fun of someone in a really cruel way
idolatry—worship of idols
illustration—picture or drawing
interdiction—strongly forbid
inscription—a name or short message
jeer—rude comment
junction—place where two things (streams, trails, highways, etc.) meet
launch—begin; start
livestock—farm/ranch animals like horses, cows, goats, sheep, etc.
literacy—being able to read and write
mandatory—required
martyr—person who dies for a good cause
medieval—from the Middle Ages (ca. 700-1492)
mestizaje—racial mixing
missionary—usually a religious person who teaches about religion
Mission—group of buildings (and activities) managed by missionaries
monasticism—having to do with monks living in monasteries
monk—a religious person who has taken certain vows to guide his life
“Multi-History:” history about many things
Muslim—person who practices the religion of Islam
mutton—meat from sheep
neophyte—a new convert
noncombatant—person not in a fight; like a woman, child, grandparent
obligation—required
pacification—to make peace
pagan—person who isn’t a Christian, Muslim, or Jew
pageantry—with much ceremony
peril—danger
petition—to ask (usually in writing) for something
philosophy—system of beliefs
pioneers—the first people to settle an area (90)
plot—an evil plan
polygamy (polygamous)—having more than one wife at the same time
precontact (prehistoric)—before being seen by people from Europe; before being written about in a European language
prerequisite—required ahead of time
prohibit—to forbid by law or serious order
prejudice—believing something before you have any facts about it
prominent—well known
priest—minister who can perform religious duties like giving sacraments, etc.
proliferate—multiply rapidly; spread out
promote—to say good things about something
pueblo—Spanish for “village”
rampage—violent behavior
ransom—money paid to free a captive
razed—a building knocked to the ground
reconnaissance—military group sent to investigate
recruit—sign up; person who “signs up”
redoubtable—commanding respect; someone with a strong reputation
refugee—person who has had to escape from danger in his country
rivalry—close competition
royal—having to do with kings and queens
sedition—speaking up publicly against the Government
servitude—forced serving, as for a crime
Shibapu—place in the Earth from where Pueblo Indians emerged (has various spellings)
simultaneous—at the same time
smallpox—a disease that covers the victim’s body with sores full of puss
sorcerer—wizard; a male witch
subsistence—barely making it
sweatshop—a business where workers labor for very little money
testimony—what is said in court by a witness
textiles—items made by weaving
tolerant—not fighting ideas or beliefs that are different from your own
throes—in the act of struggling with something unpleasant
tragic—bringing great harm and suffering
treachery—betrayal of trust or faith
unsavory—unpleasant; with a bad reputation
upstanding—respected
witchcraft—evil magic
vassal—person required to perform duties during the Middle Ages
vengeance—to “get even;” to return injury for injury
verge—almost
villa—a settlement developed enough to be legally declared a town
volatile—explosive; unstable
vow—a very serious promise
zenith—most advanced; the very top; apex (133)
Pages 101-200
abide (by)—continue to accept or put up with
abolish—get rid of; ended
abstraction—idea; something that exists in the mind
adversary—opponent; person fighting against you
antipathy—strong dislike
antiquated—so old it isn’t useful
antithesis—two contrasting or opposing thoughts
apprentice—person learning from a master craftsman
artisan—a skilled worker; craftsman
ascertain—to find out for certain
ban—to forbid; prohibit
barracks—living quarters for soldiers
barter—to trade one item for another (instead of buying with money)
blizzard—a heavy snow storm with driving winds
biblical—from or like the Bible
buffer—anything used to prevent or lessen any kind of force
cannon law—law which governs Church matters
cartographer—person who creates maps
competitor—someone who is trying to do the same thing you are
comply—to carry out a request, order, rule, etc.
conciliation—to be friends again; to soothe someone’s anger and win over
confirm—found to be true, valid, authentic
confluence—point where two streams meet and form one
contraband—things forbidden by law; unlawful trade items
corporal—the body; (military: lowest ranking noncommissioned officer)
courier—messenger; someone sent with important messages
crucial—extremely important
decadence—something in decay or weakening
delirium—an extremely emotional mental state
designate—to point out; to appoint
diplomacy—dealing with people or nations
disband—to break up a group (so it isn’t one unit)
eccentric—odd; different in an uncustomary way
elliptical—not perfectly round
encampment—place where a camp is made
encounter—to meet unexpectedly
episcopal—having to do with a bishop
ewe—female sheep
ferry—a boat which takes you across a short distance of water
flagellation—a whipping or flogging
folkhero—hero of the people
forge—to move ahead steadily (another meaning: fraud)
formidable—causing awe or fear; impressive
forthcoming—about to appear
forthwith—immediately
frayed—torn around the edges
harrowing—distressing
heir—someone who will inherit something
hinder—get in the way of
hospice—a place of shelter for travelers (50)
hostile—unfriendly, warlike
immigration—(people) coming into a new country
immoderate—excessive; without restraint
immune—protected against something
individualistic—a person standing alone as opposed to in a group
industrious—work hard
innovate—to create something new from what is already available
innumerable—so many they can’t be counted
insurgent—person (or a movement) rising in revolt
integral—essential; absolutely necessary
interpretation—a personal opinion of what happened, of art, etc.
interpreter—person who translates one language into another
inveigh—attack in words
jerky—charquí; thin strips of dried meat
litigation—what happens in a court of law
magistrate—a civil officer with (limited) power to apply the law
maize—corn (from the Spanish maís)
mecca—said of a popular or important place where people gather
muleteer (mule packer)—arriero; person who transports goods on mules
mystical—having spiritual meaning or significance
notorious—famous for bad things
obtrusive—calling attention in an unpleasant way
oval—shaped like an egg
overthrow—get rid of, usually with force
palette—colors
parallel—going in the same direction
pertain—to belong, connected to, associated with something
picturesque—as in a picture
playwright—person who writes plays
predatory—living by taking what someone else has
premeditated—planned before it happened
presidio—fort
prevail—to be victorious; to triumph over or against something
probation—a period of time during which a person’s behavior will be tested
prohibition—an order or law forbidding something
prolific—producing or creating a lot of something
prosperity—good fortune; wealth; success
quell—put an end to; crush (as an uprising); to quiet
queue—gathered hair worn hanging from the back of the head
recuperate—recover health
reparations—making up for a wrong or injury done
replenish—to supply again
resuscitate--revive
robust—very healthy and strong
renown—famous, well known
resentment—a feeling of having been hurt or injured
rugged—strong, robust; (describing land: rough, uneven)
rural—country (as contrasted from “city”)
sally—to rush out and do battle
scarlet—a bright red color (100)
scribe—person who writes letters, copies documents, etc., for hire
scourge—a whip used to cause serious injury; severe punishment
sculpture—the art of forming a figure out of wood, stone, metal, clay, etc.
silt—a type of soil carried by flowing water
site—a physical place or location
solicit—ask for; seek
sporadic—happening from time to time; not regularly
strategic—planned
stylus—a needle-like pointed tool used for marking
survey—to make a map of the land; to take a long look at a subject
suppress—put down by force
syndic—lay person who handles business matters for a religious order
tactics—methods used to try to win something
technique--method
testament—statement of approval
thereafter—after that
theretofore—up until then
thereupon—immediately following that
traditional—according to custom
unconstitutional—illegal according to the constitution
utilize—use
vacate—to make empty; to leave
validate—to prove correct and proper; valid
versatile—talented in many activities
vagrant—person who wanders about from place to place
viking—raider
vilification—to say bad things about
wane—decrease; toward the end of something (128)
aborigines—first native inhabitants
alienate—to cause to be unfriendly or against you
alternative—another choice
amid—in the middle of
ancestral—having to do with ancestors
annexation—to add on or attach, as a smaller country to a larger country
apathetic—not caring about (an issue, a situation, etc.)
aptitude--ability
apparition—appearance of something (like a ghost)
appropriation—money supplied and intended for a specific activity
appurtenant—(Law) an acknowledged additional right or privilege
artifice—trickery
ascetical—religious
assassinate—to murder (usually in cold blood)
assumption—to assume
astute—very clever and intelligent
aversion—deep rooted dislike
befriend—to become a friend
belle—pretty female (often the prettiest or most popular)
berate—to scold severely
bewildering—serious confusion; puzzling
bigotry—to be narrow minded; intolerant; prejudiced
birthright—what is automatically yours (due to family, country, etc.)
blatant—very obvious
calamity—disaster; extreme misfortune
calumny—a vicious lie; slander
carnage—slaughter
commandeer—to seize something for use by the government or military
commend—compliment; dedicate (as to God)
complicity—taking part in (usually) something wrong or illegal
compulsory--required
confiscate—to seize (implies use of force if necessary)
conspicuous—easy to see or notice
contingent—group
cultivation—develop; growing with proper care
curriculum—subjects to be studied in a school
denounce—to accuse or condemn publicly
deploy—to place troops according to a plan
depredation—serious damage
detract—something negative that takes away from
devout—sincerely religious
disbursement—money that is paid out
discernible—to recognize a difference
disenfranchise—take away the (power to) vote
distinctive—easy to recognize (as in a certain style, method, etc.)
donation—gift
dullard—someone who isn’t intelligent
duplicity—behavior planned ahead of time to fool someone; deceit
efficacy—effectiveness
embezzle—to steal money (while working from the inside)
encroach—to intrude upon what belongs (like land) to someone else
endeavor—effort
enhance—add to in a good way
entail--involve
etiquette—manners; what is proper
excoriate—to scold severely
exempt—exception to the rule; not required to follow a general rule
expulsion—being kicked out of a group or from an area
faction—group of people (who agree with each other)
fallacy—a belief that is totally incorrect
fertile--nourishing
forbearance—patience; restraint
franchise—the vote; contract to sell certain items
habeas corpus—(Law) an order requiring that a person be brought before the Court
heinous—extremely evil
heretic—(religion) a believer who now says the belief is not true
imprisonment—to be in prison
improbable—not likely to happen
incomprehensible—can’t be understood
infuriate—make extremely angry
insolent—aggressively disrespectful
insurrection—uprising
instigate—cause to start or begin
integrity—complete; honesty
intercept—to seize something before it arrives where it is going
intrigue—to plan or plot in secret
irrational—not based on reason
jeopardy—at risk
jubilant—extremely happy
largesse—generosity; generous giving
lust—overly intense desire
malfeasance—unlawful actions while in office
mastermind—very intelligent person who makes the plan for others
mediator—person who tries to get opposing people to come to an agreement
melee—fight with many people involved
mercantile—relating to merchants or the business world
meticulous—with great attention to detail
mutual—to feel the same way as the other person
obfuscate—to make unclear; to confuse
oppression—being kept down by evil use of power
obsolete—not modern; not useful anymore
par--even
parishioner—person belonging to a parish
partisan—person who favors a certain issue or person
patriot—person who believes in his country
perceptive—to be aware; able to notice something that isn’t too obvious
pillage—to steal and be violent at the same time
placate—to pacify; appease
potent--strong
predominate—to hold the most power
prelate—a high ranking religious person, as a bishop
pretext—excuse
privatization—to put into private ownership
proclamation—an important official announcement
profundity—depth
prospective—looking to the future; likely (to happen in the future)
provoke—first reason or cause for something happening
punitive—punish
ratio—(usually) a number of something in relation to another number of something else
rebut—to answer against what someone else is saying
recede—to move back; to become less
refute—to show how something is incorrect
regiment—a military unit
reinforce—to make stronger
reprehensible—deserving of criticism
residential—place where people live
resign—to decide to quit (a job, a position, etc.)
resumption—to restart something that had been active before
rubble—what is left from a building when it is knocked down
secede--withdraw
servile—like a slave
severity—harsh; cruelty
sordid—dirty; meanly selfish
speculator—person who buys something in hopes he can sell it for more than he paid for it
stability—steady; dependable; firmness of character
stigma—a mark of disgrace; a sign of something negative
subjugate—to gain complete power (over a people)
substantiate—show proof that something is true
swarthy—dark complexion (racism: related to “dirty” or “filthy”)
tact—dealing with people without offending them
trafficking—dealing in something illegal
treacherous—someone who says he can be trusted and then proves the opposite
treason—betrayal of your country (usually punishable by death)
vagabond—person who wanders about aimlessly from place to place
verify—to show that something is true
victimize—to make someone suffer intentionally
vile--evil
witty—cleverly amusing with the use of language
abscond—run away with something (usually) not yours
acquisitive—with a need to get or acquire
adjudicate—processed in a court of law
advent—arrival or coming
affiliation—associated with or a member of (as a club, political party, etc.)
alienate—to cause to be unfriendly
align—associated with; straighten
ambitious—wanting to accomplish personal goals
“Anglo”—(racism) person who isn’t Hispanic or Indian but implies his ethnicity is from England of the year 500 A.D.
annuity—usually a payment of money no less than once a year
antagonism—serious dislike or hatred
appropriate—to take for yourself; designate something to be used for a specific purpose
arable—land suitable for farming
archaeology—the scientific study of ancient people and their culture
assess—to become aware of; to charge (usually money)
audacity—bold courage; (negative) shameless or rude; brazen
banister—railing to a stairway
bar mitzvah—a “coming of age” party for a male Jewish teenager
bas mitzvah—a “coming of age” party for a female Jewish teenager
battalion—military group
benevolent—kind
bias—prejudice
bigotry—intolerance (often related to religious issues)
bilingual—two languages
“bunko men”—swindlers; con artists
bribe—money paid to get someone to do something (usually illegal or immoral)
cabal—small group of people who plot in secret
cease—stop
centennial—one hundred years
chicanery—clever and tricky talk or action intended to deceive
colonialism—having to do with keeping a country in secondary importance
complex—opposite of simple
consecrate—to set apart as holy
converge—to come together at a certain point
cosmopolitan—international; not provincial
coroner—public official who investigates a death
corrido—Spanish language song that tells a story about something great
corrupt--rotten
craftsman—person who is very skilled in his (usually artistic) field
cubism—a style of abstract art that uses geometric forms
cuisine—style of cooking
decadent—decayed
deceased—dead
destitute—extremely poor; having nothing
detachment—a small group that is part of a larger group; not connected
deteriorate—to become less, like weaker and weaker
dignitary—person famous in his field
dispel—to scatter or drive away
elaborate—fancy; greatly detailed
elongated—lengthened
ethnicity—related to country of origin
evict—put out as from a house or property
expose—bring to public attention
exalt—to compliment highly; extremely complimentary
exploitation—to make use of what someone else has for your own benefit
felony—a major crime (murder, arson, etc.)
foremost—principal; the main one
“forked tongue”—liar
fortitude—firm courage
fraud—illegal deception
fusillade—many many bullets being fired
gazette--newspaper
“greaser”—(racism) a negative name used for Mexican/Spanish people
gross—flagrant; vulgar; obscene
“half-breed”--(racism) person who has blood from someone considered “superior” as well as “inferior” in American society
henchmen—(low class) group of friends
heroic—like a hero
historiography—the writing of History
hydra—(mythology) nine headed serpent; a vile, complex problem
hypocrisy—pretending to be what one is not
hysteria—mass fear
illiterate—unable to read or write
impressionism—a school of art where the artist gives his impression of something
indignation—anger resulting from injustice, ingratitude, etc.
ineptitude—with no ability to accomplish anything
indict—to charge with a crime
infamous—famous for evil behavior
intellectual—relating to the mind (brain)
irate—angry
journalist—person who writes for a newspaper
launch—begin; start
legendary—like a fantasy, as the stories of King Arthur and his Knights who never actually existed; so heroic as to seem out of a fantasy
literary—having to do with literature
litigation—court procedure
locale—place; area
lynch—to murder by hanging
mandate—a serious order or command
manipulate—to use something for your own purpose or gain
massacre—the act of killing unsuspecting, innocent people (such as those who died in the Pueblo Revolt or the Twin Towers of 9/11)
merit--deserve
mock—pretended; (also) to make fun of
narrative--story
nefarious—very wicked; villainous
notoriety—attention in the media
octagon—eight sided figure
omnibus—having to do with many things at once
pall—cloth used to cover a coffin; to become bored
patent—legal document that verifies ownership
paternity—having to do with being the parent of a child
perpetrate—to cause something (bad) to happen
personnel—a specific group of people
plead—to make an appeal; to present a case in court
pluck—pick (as from a tree)
posse—group of men working with an officer (sheriff or marshall) of the law
potential—possibilities
precedent—anything that establishes an example for present or future behavior
preservation—to keep in existence; to keep alive
pretext--excuse
prominent—well known
prosperous—doing well financially
rationale—reasoning
ravage—steal from and then destroy
reconnoiter—to go ahead (of the main group) and look for something; scout
recur—appear repeatedly
regalia—emblems which symbolize something like rank, membership, etc.
relegate--assign
reminisce—to think or talk about the past
rendezvous—meeting (usually secret)
renown--fame
repulsed—thrown back; defeated
requisite—required
retaliate—to “get even” for something done before
riffraff—people from the lowest classes of society
romanticize—to portray with more freedom of feeling, spirit, etc.
salubrious—healthy
secretive—keeping something secret; not publicized
separatism—to keep apart or separate
shackles—irons put around ankles and chained together
shiftless—lazy; lacking the will to accomplish something
socialite—someone (female) who is well known in polite society
sophisticated—highly developed
solution—answer (as to a problem)
squelch—to stop something from happening
stereotype—a popular image of something, usually a person or group of people, generally negative
stipulate—make clear; specify
strata—layer
subterfuge—anything used to hide what you are really trying to do
surrealism—art movement associated with the unconscious mind
surveillance—being watched
swindle—to cheat while appearing to be legal
transcontinental—across the continent
vast—so much it is almost beyond measure
venture—an effort at accomplishing a certain goal
vilify—to describe someone very negatively
vineyard—place where grapes are grown
vintner—person who makes wine
warrant—authorization; a document that gives legal permission to do something
abet—to help
abolish—end; get rid of
acquiesce—finally accept
aesthetic—a sense for beauty
affidavit—sworn statement in writing
affirmation—something said positively
allegory—a story in which people, things, or events have a symbolic meaning
ample--plenty
anonymous—name unknown
anthropology—the study of manking
antipathy—bad feeling; hatred
architect—person who designs buildings
avid—enthusiastic
bankrupt—with no money
bona fide—valid; authentic
captivate—thoroughly impressed with
caste—a group which you can never leave
cause célèbre—a movement that many people join
censure--condemnation
commemorate—an item which will cause something to be remembered
compensation--payment
congenial—agreeable; friendly
conspiracy—plot to do something (usually illegal or negative)
consult—talk with someone for advice about a specific subject
consumption—for use by; the act of consuming
contemporary—in the present day
contemptible—full of contempt
convene—to get together as in a meeting
corroborate—something that supports or agrees with
definitive—the best of something (as a biography, etc.)
deviant—not considered normal or customary (as in behavior)
domestic—relating to the home
donor—person who gives or “donates”
eligible—qualify for
emerge—to come forth; to develop from
endow—provide with (usually money)
entrepreneur—person who organizes a business venture at his own cost
equitable—equal; fair
erode—wear away
eulogy—praise (usually about someone who has passed away)
exhibit—presentation; show
exile—forced withdrawal from (usually from your native land)
extemporaneous—spontaneous; without previous preparation
familial--family
forcibly—with force
foreclosure—to take something away because the bill isn’t paid
incompatible—can’t get along
hue-shade of color
hurdle--obstacle
imperialism—when a stronger country takes from a weaker country
incalculable—beyond being able to figure out
international—having to do with several nations
jingoism—slogans
jointure—joining together as one
kinship—related by blood
merge—to join and become as one
midwife—woman who helps a mother at the birth of her child
mobilize—to get ready
modicum—small amount
mortality—life that realizes someday it must die
municipal—having to do with a city
musicologist—person who studies music
myriad—many, many
novelette—short novel
overt—out in the open
parole—promise; promise a prisoner makes in order to be released from jail
pathology—the branch of medicine that studies the conditions caused by a disease; abnormal conditions caused by a disease
piecemeal—part by part
pretentious—full of pretense; posturing
primitive—not developed
procure—to get; to obtain
progressive—characterized by progress
Protestant—non-Catholic; a Christian of one of the many Denominational groups
punitive—intended to punish
radical—extreme
rampant—out of control; uncontrollable or violent
ratify—approve
rehabilitation
reclamation—reclaim; make productive again
restoration—to bring back to how it used to be
segregation—forced separation
spearhead—lead
stench—very bad odor
substantial—significant
symbolism—to use symbols to get a message across
tarnish—to make dull; spoil
terrain—land
trilingual—person who can speak three languages
whittle—carving on wood
wily—fully of tricks; sly; crafty
vociferous—very loud
acquisition—any item that has been acquired
acquit—to be judged innocent in court
administer—to manage or direct
advocate—person who speaks or writes in support of something
airstrip—landing field for airplanes
aroma—good smell
ascension—going up
assault—violent attack, physical or verbal
assimilation—to be absorbed
bayonet—long knife attached to the barrel of a rifle
beleaguered—with many problems
besmirch—to make dirty; to bring dishonor to
blacklisted—identified as a target for something negative
boobytrap—an item which appears to be harmless but when activated will do great harm
breadth—the width of something
camouflage—items used to conceal or disguise
chronic—recurring or lasting a long time
cite—to quote or mention; to summon to appear in a court of law
civil—relating to a citizen; civilized, cultured
civilian—relating to a citizen
collaborate—work together
compassion—to feel sympathy about someone else’s sorrow and wanting to help
convalescence—period of recovering one’s health
decathlon—a competition with ten different events
defamatory—degrading; slanderous
destiny—one’s fate; what will happen to a person
discrimination—(racism) prejudice; being able to see differences; to distinguish
disseminate—cause to be distributed
emanate—come from
exorbitant—much too much; (as in) greatly over priced
extortion—forced payment
extrovert—outgoing personality
exponent—person who promotes or represents something
evacuate—to leave
feasible—possible; can be done
ferocious—with great fierceness
fidelity--faithfulness
fundamental—basic
gallant—brave and noble
garner—to get or earn something
hierarchy—highest officials of a group people
hoax—a trick or fraud usually done as a practical joke
homicide—to kill a human being
horde—large wandering group (originally of Mongols from Asia)
imbedded—made a part of something as by force
incidence--occurrence
indentation—a pressure mark made by some object
indifference—not caring
inoperative—not functioning; not working
interdenominational—among multiple religious faiths
interval—space or period of time between two things
intransigent—refusing to agree to a settlement or to a compromise
intrepid—very brave; fearless
jurisdiction—authority
libel—a written false statement
marginal—not important; a sidelight
mechanization—the use of machines
mega—extremely large
metallic—like metal
militant—to demand aggressively
miniature—in a small size
mortar—cannon with a short barrel
motivate—causing a person to do something
mudslinging—to make ugly accusations against an opponent
mutilate—to cut up in a horrible manner
percentile—a numbered division of percentage
perk (perquisite)—a benefit that you get because of your status or position
pillbox—(military) structure built of concrete and steel from which to shoot guns or cannon
posthumous—after the death of
preclude—to make impossible, especially in advance; to shut out ahead of time
predate—(periods of time) to come before
prenatal—before birth
prevalence—existing widely and generally accepted
pro--professional
Procrustean—(of or like the actions of Procrustes) designed to produce a certain effect at any cost
pulmonary—having to do with the lungs
repertoire—the various roles or works that someone can perform
restitution—paying for something lost or taken away
retribution—deserved punishment for an evil done
rudimentary—not developed
sagacity—penetrating intelligence and sound judgment
simulate—give an appearance of; imitate
site—location; place
slander—a spoken false statement
skewed—twisted away from the truth; distorted
spoils—booty taken after your group is victorious
strain—type; variety of something; (also, an effect due to some kind of burden)
subsequent—happening after
swathe—the area cut by a scythe or other mowing device
syndication—an organization which sells special articles or features to many newspapers or magazines
synopsis—summary
synthesis—putting together all the parts to make the whole
tenacity—holding on firmly and persistently
transition—changing from one category to another
trend—general direction of behavior, events, etc.
trimester—a period of three months
valor—outstanding courage or bravery
villain—person who does evil
vocation—a calling to enter a certain career, especially a religious one
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The following vocabulary list is from the Glossary section of NEW MEXICO: A BRIEF MULTI-HISTORY. Review all words and concepts, especially those which might be new to students
acequia ‑ irrigation ditch
alcabala ‑ sales tax
alabado ‑ prayer or hymn associated with the Penitente Brotherhood
Alcalde Mayor ‑ chief magistrate with judicial and executive powers
alcaldía ‑ district of the alcalde mayor
arriero ‑ muleteer; transporter who used mules to move freight
Audiencia ‑ high court of appeals
ayuntamiento ‑ municipal council
Black Legend ‑ stereotypical villainies attributed to Spanish/Hispanic people (see White Legend)
BLR ‑ Bandelier‑Lummis‑Read
borreguero(s) ‑ shepherd(s)
bulto ‑ statue carved from wood
cabildo ‑ town council; meeting hall
cacique(s) ‑ leader(s)
Camino Real – King’s Highway, Royal Road
capilla ‑ chapel
carreta ‑ cart
Cibolero ‑ Hispanic buffalo hunter who generally used a lance
ciudad ‑ city
Comanchero ‑ Hispanic or Pueblo businessman who traded with Plains
Indians
Cortes ‑ Senate and Congress of Deputies in Spain
corrido ‑ ballad that tells a story
curandera (‑o) ‑ healer who utilizes herbs
Cuaresma ‑ Lent
Custos ‑ Custodian (head of the Church in a certain area)
charquí (tasajo) ‑ jerky, carne seca
doctrinario ‑ an Indian boy who is educated by missionaries to help spread Christian doctrine
dicho ‑ saying; proverb
encomienda ‑ a formal grant of Indians entrusted to a certain Spaniard
escopeta ‑ flintlock musket
escultor ‑ sculptor
fandango ‑ a type of dance; the event of gathering for dancing
fanega ‑ a dry measure consisting of 1.5 to 2.5 bushels
farolitos ‑ brown bags with sand in which lighted candles are set (popularly referred to as luminarias in much of N.M.) during the Christmas holidays
fawner - someone in a targeted group who tries to “curry favor” from a dominant or “in-group;” “Token Tom Toady”
genízaro ‑ an Indian, usually from the plains, raised by or living among Hispanics
hacienda ‑ an estate or large ranch
hoaxistory ‑ misinformation presented as historical fact
horno ‑ outdoor baking oven
hypistory ‑ scripted writing, often characterized by “heroes vs. villains,”
presented as “history”
hypoics ‑ heroics created for effect; more “hype” than real
igug ‑ person who utilizes ignorance and ugly morality
indio(s) ‑ Indian(s)
Inscription Rock ‑ El Morro National Monument
jefe ‑ boss
KGD ‑ Kendall‑Gregg‑Davis (part of the White Legend cycle of writing)
kiva ‑ Indian ceremonial chamber
ladino ‑ an educated Native American who can read and write Spanish
luminarias ‑ bonfires; the name has been popularly applied to brown bags with sand in which lighted candles are set (which were referred to as farolitos in Hispanic N.M.)
llanero ‑ plainsman
llano estacado ‑ a plain with escarpments that from a distance could appear to be stockades (often mistranslated as “staked plains”)
maestro ‑ master