Cosmic House
Publisher of
NEW MEXICO: A
BRIEF-MULTIHISTORY
EPIC OF THE GREATER SOUTHWEST
P.O. Box 7748, ALBUQUERQUE, NM, 87194
(505) 839-4849 FAX: (505) 839-4849
Email: saljustin@msn.com WEBSITE: http://www.historynothype.com
Orders: Click Here
ANSWERS (PDF format)
FOREWORD
All items in the ACTIVITIES—QUESTIONS—ANSWERS sections are from the State adopted NEW MEXICO: A BRIEF MULTI-HISTORY by Rubén Sálaz (Márquez).
The professional lesson plans provided herein for use with New Mexico: A Brief Multi-History are extensive by necessity because they are intended to enable teachers to select materials for their level of students. The intent is to have students Read-Write-Speak on New Mexico history, not the mere memorization of “factoids.”
Do not become overwhelmed by the amount of material available for teaching New Mexico history in these lesson plans. Obviously, no single teacher will use all the strategies provided below because there would not be enough time in the school year. Their purpose is to enable the teacher to exercise SELECTION. By judicious use of this guide, specific lesson plans/strategies/ideas can be utilized by professionals at the elementary, mid-school, high school, or college level. For example, for the one semester of New Mexico History required for high school graduation, the Profile Biography sections, 39 items in the STATEHOOD section alone, could suffice for the semester because 20th century New Mexico history is reflected in these biographies. If that is the choice, it should not be forgotten that the present can also be used to illuminate the past, and vice versa. Additionally, expect controversy because differing opinions in class can lead to topics that should be discussed/debated using documented evidence and sound logic. Understanding the New Mexican present and past is crucial to recognizing New Mexican realities, good or bad. The teacher should emphasize that ideas, not the person articulating them, are being discussed.
Use of the biographies are only one small part of lesson plan possibilities that could be selected by the teacher. For example, basics for the 9th grade course could be (1) Vocabulary building, (2) Biography as History, (3) specific, teacher assigned research topics, (4) and learning games like Jeopardy or Password.
. As you will recognize, these lesson plans were created by a career classroom professional. They will not be construed as “boring.” Compare them in scope, creativity, potential for productivity, etc., to any others provided with any other textbook.
Every effort has been made to organize these materials to facilitate their use in the classroom. Do not be overwhelmed by the amount of material presented in New Mexico: A Brief Multi-History or in the lesson plans below. It would be good to review all strategies provided but it is not necessary to download the entire “Learning and Teaching Guide.” A good starting strategy would be to make a copy of the Table of Contents for the
ACTIVITIES—QUESTIONS—ANSWERS segments then decide what would be appropriate for your students. Copy those files and structure them for use in your particular classroom. Other items can be copied as necessary during the school year.
Feel free to contact the author by email: Saljustin@msn.com
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INDEX for ANSWERS section:
I. Let’s play New Mexico JEOPARDY.
B. Exploration & Colonization--J
II. Let’s play New Mexico PASSWORD.
(Adjust traditional PASSWORD rules to facilitate student participation.)
III. The BIOGRAPHEE is…
IV. Identify, Define, Explain
A. PRECONTACT
B. EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION
D. PUEBLO REVOLT/ST. LAWRENCE DAY MASSACRE
[End of INDEX.]
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I. Let’s play NEW MEXICO JEOPARDY!
(Adjust traditional JEOPARDY rules to facilitate student participation.)
INSTRUCTIONS for classroom New Mexico Jeopardy.
Level I (Basic)
The teacher will read statements in game show Jeopardy fashion and members of the class will answer with the question after being called upon.
Level II (Advanced)
(1) Three student hosts will take turns reading statements in game show Jeopardy fashion. Each host will be assigned a specific number of statements (for example, 1-25, 350-375, 500-550, etc.) and will have a (student) judge (three students, each with a copy of correct answers) to verify that a response is indeed correct. (The teacher could be the judge, if desired, but the more students are involved the better. In the above format, nine students will participate directly.)
(2) The class will be divided into three groups and each group will prepare for the competition by reviewing the designated subject matter (taken from the ANSWERS: Identify, Define, Explain material) then select one person to compete against the other two contestants. There will be three contestants, each representing a team.
(3) The teacher will decide the proper period of time in which contestants must come up with the proper response.
(4) Contestants will be called upon to answer, by the TEACHER, depending on who raises his/her hand (or a small flag, etc.) first.
(5) WRONG ANSWERS will be deducted from the contestant’s score of correct answers.
(6) The teacher will declare the winner (winning team) whoever arrives at the desired number of correct answers first (which could be 3, 5, 10, etc., depending on the maturity level of students being worked with.).
(7) The teacher will decide on a reward for the winners and losers (both of which should be educational).
A. PRECONTACT--J
1. From around 12,000 B.C., these inhabitants are thought to have been the earliest residents of New Mexico.
Who/What is Sandía Man
2. These hunters roamed NM around 10,000 B.C.
Who/What is Clovis Man
3. They lived from the first systematized agriculture (of corn, beans, squash; raised tobacco) in the Southwest. Probably lived in permanent settlements, around 9,000 B.C.
Who/What is Cochise People
4. 1200 B.C., the Phoenicians identify the country now called “Spain.” Who/What is Hispalis
5. Phoenician name for people from “Hispalis” (Spain)
Who/What is Hispani
6. The Romans’ Old Latin name for Spain.
Who/What is Hispaniarium
7. The Romans’ Modern Latin name for Spain.
Who/What is Hispania
8. Cultures of Europe based on Greek and Roman foundations
Who/What is Western Civilization
9. Anno Domini; Year of Our Lord (Birth of Christ)
Who/What is A.D.
10. People who lived around 1-700 A.D., thought to be ancestors of the modern Pueblo people of NM.
Who/What is Anasazi
11. 300-1300 A.D., culture characterized by pit house architecture and artistic pottery.
Who/What is Mogollon Culture
12. 700-1300, the highest point of development of the Anasazi.
Who/What is Chaco Civilization
13. By around 455 A.D., barbarians from northern Europe have destroyed the Roman Empire and plunge Europe into this period of history.
Who/What is Dark Ages
14. Muslim groups invade Spain in this year and soon conquer almost all of the peninsula.
Who/What is 711 A.D.
15. This was a highly cultured Arab group that ruled Spain at the beginning of the Muslim conquest.
Who/What is Saracens
16. 718 A.D., he was the first Christian king to begin the reconquest of Spain.
Who/What is Pelayo
17. Ruler of Spain in 912 A.D. Muslim Spain is the richest, most cultured, and powerful state in all of Europe.
Who/What is Abdu-r-Rahman III;
18. By 1000 A.D., this Muslim general has fought most Christian armies to a standstill. But the tide is changing toward the end of the century. Who/What is Almanzor
19. Known as El Cid (around 1085 A.D.), he is the most famous Knight of the Middle Ages.
Who/What is Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar
20. In the Southwest by around 1400, these people are now referred to as Apache and/or Navajo.
Who/What is Athabascan
21. 1492, the first European to discover the Western Hemisphere and establish permanent settlements in it.
Who/What is Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus)
22. Decreed in 1504 that Indians of the Americas are to be treated well and brought into the Christian fold.
Who/What is Queen Isabel (Elizabeth) of Spain.
23. 1516, assigned as the first “Protector of the Indians” of the New World. He becomes the immortal, herculean champion of Amerindian people. Who/What is Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
24. Conquers Mexico in 1519-21.
Who/What is Hernán Cortés
25.Leader of the first Christian missionaries to enter Mexico City. Cortés and his captains kneel and kiss the hand of each missionary while the Indians watch.
Who/What is Motolinía
26. This first university in the Americas is founded in 1533.
Who/What is University of Mexico City
27. 1528-1536: This “first European traveler” in the Southwest and three others land in Tampa Bay, Florida, then sail to the Texas coast where they are shipwrecked. They are enslaved by various wandering Indian tribes, escape, and finally arrive in Culiacán, Mexico, in 1536. His report on his experiences gives rise to the legend of the Seven Cities of Cíbola.
Who/What is Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca
29. A medieval legend had it that when the Muslims conquered Spain a group of seven Spanish bishops and their congregations set sail from Spain and landed in the New World.
Who/What is Seven Cities of Gold.
29. He was the first bishop of Mexico.
Who/What is Bishop Zumárraga
30. A Franciscan, he leads an exploration party to the outskirts of Zuni, NM. Who/What is Fray Marcos de Niza
B. EXPLORATION & COLONIZATION--J
31. First (1540-42) explorer of what is now the Southwest. He and/or his men explored the land (Southwest) from California to Kansas in a two year epic unmatched in the history of the USA.
Who/What is Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
32. One of Coronado’s captains; discovered California. “America’s first frontiersman…the principal outrider of the Coronado Expedition” according to S. L. Udall.
Who/What is Melchior Díaz
33. One of Coronado’s captains; first to make contact with the Hopi (Tusayan) villages.
Who/What is Pedro Tovar
34. One of Coronado’s captains whose group discovered the Grand Canyon. Who/What is García López de Cárdenas
34. a: He led the climbers who tried, unsuccessfully, to descend to the Canyon floor.
Who/What is Pablo de Melgosa
35. One of Coronado’s captains; the first to explore the Río Grande valley of New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle.
Who/What is Hernando de Alvarado
36. One of Coronado’s captains; discovered and first to explore the Colorado River.
Who/What is Hernando de Alarcón
37. He was the “Fighting Friar” with the Coronado expedition. The first missionary to be martyred by Indians in the Southwest.
Who/What is Fray Juan de Padilla
38. He was a member of and historian of the Coronado expedition.
Who/What is Pedro de Castañeda
39. Spanish jurist (d. 1546) who established the foundations of European international law. His philosophy included ideas that the men and women of the New World could not be enslaved by any truly Christian country merely because it had the power to do so.
Who/What is Francisco de Vitoria
40. The King of Spain from 1516-1555, he was also Holy Roman Emperor. Because of Spanish discoveries in the New World, the phrase was coined “The sun never sets on the Spanish Empire.”
Who/What is Charles V, Charles I in Spain
41. This herculean missionary (ca. 1550) became the immortal “Protector of the Indians” of the Americas. He achieved that status because Spanish rulers listened to his efforts to promote Indian welfare.
Who/What is Bartolomé de Las Casas
42. Though England and Spain aren’t at war, Queen Elizabeth I of England sends him to steal from Spanish galleons and coastal settlements. He returns to England such a successful thief that Queen Elizabeth makes him a Knight of the Realm.
Who/What is Francis Drake (1540?-1596)
43. Missionaries led by Agustín Rodríguez and a few soldiers led by Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado go up the Río Grande Valley (1581) as far as Puaray (Coronado’s “Tiguex,” the area of present-day Bernalillo). Missionaries who stay in the area are later martyred.
Who/What is Rodríguez-Chamuscado Expedition
44. He finances and leads a small group into NM (1582-83) in hopes of finding the missionaries from the Rodriguez-Chamuscado expedition.
Who/What is Antonio de Espejo
45. He is author of “Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation.” A highly skilled propagandist, S. Udall has written that he promoted “Black Legend” information on Spain and her people, that he skewed historical dates and events to make England heroic.
Who/What is Richard Hakluyt (1552?-1616)
46. Leads some 170 people into NM (1590-91) to form a settlement. Because his entrada wasn’t legal, all are brought back to Mexico.
Who/What is Gaspar Castaño de Sosa
47. Leyva Bonilla and Gutiérrez Humaña lead a small party up the Río Grande valley (1595) and into the plains. All but two are killed by Indians. Who/What is Leyva-Gutiérrez Expedition
48. Gives a memorable, stirring speech to fellow colonists going to NM with Oñate when they become dejected over having to wait around so long for the expedition to start. Most of her listeners are convinced to stay.
Who/What is Doña Eufemia Sosa de Peñalosa (1598)
49. Heroic founder of NM (1598), the first colony of Europeans in what is today the USA.
Who/What is Juan de Oñate
50. These two are nephews of Oñate who were part of the NM colonization effort.
Who/What are Juan and Vicente Zaldívar
C. PIONEER SETTLEMENT--J
51. Oñate and his settlers take official possession of NM on this date.
Who/What is April 30, 1598
52. This site is chosen at San Juan Pueblo for colonists to make their homes It is the first colony of Europeans in what is today the USA.
Who/What is San Juan de los Caballeros (Knights of St. John, July 11, 1598).
53. On this date the main caravan of settlers arrives at San Juan de los Caballeros (Knights of St. John)..
Who/What is August 18, 1598
54. The Royal Road, The King’s Highway, extends from Mexico City to San Juan Pueblo in NM Almost 2000 miles in length, it remains the longest road in North America for centuries.
Who/What is El Camino Real (de Tierra Adentro)
55. Vicente de Zaldívar leads an expedition (1600) out onto the plains on this successful first hunt.
Who/What is First buffalo (bison) hunt
56. This minor chieftain at Acoma speaks for war to destroy the Spanish settlers.
Who/What is Zutucapán
57. Juan de Zaldívar and 31 of his men stop to trade when they are attacked by Acoma warriors. Only five survive the surprise attack. Juan is among the dead.
Who/What is Ambush at Acoma
58. January, 1599, a legal war is declared against Acoma. Vicente de Zaldívar, brother of the slain Juan, leads the expedition of 72 soldiers. After three days of fighting, the warriors are defeated in battle.
Who/What is Acoma War
59. He is St. James, Patron Saint of Spain.
Who/What is Santiago
60. Oñate moves (1600) his settlement across the river
Who/What is San Gabriel
61. (1600) A group village of Indians give the Spanish tribute (tax) collector “stones to eat” instead of corn and when two Spaniards are riding by the village they murder the two Christians. Unwilling to risk another surprise attack as at Acoma, Vicente Zaldívar leads (1601) 50 soldiers and destroys most of the village.
Who/What is Jumano War
62. This is buckskin, a soft, tanned hide from deer or antelope. Hispanic colonists make their clothes of this buckskin, the first Europeans to do so.
Who/What is gamuza
63. This honorific title was bestowed by Philip III (1602) to all colonists who settled and lived in NM according to contractual obligations.
Who/What is don (doña) De Origen Noble (of noble origin)
64. This resettlement in 1604 was an effort to heal the wounds from the war of five years before.
Who/What is Acoma resettled
65. This was written by Oñate on El Morro (Inscription Rock), the first inscription written in a European language in what is now the USA.
Who/What is “Pasó por aquí el adelantado don Juan de Oñate del descubrimiento de la mar del sur a 16 de abril de 1605.”
66. This Town Council is created in Santa Fe, 1605, the first such governing body in what is today the USA.
Who/What is Cabildo
67. This novel was written by Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra. Part II was published 10 years later and the work became one of the most popular books in Western Civilization.
Who/What is El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de La Mancha
68. Franciscans in NM wore these and became known by them.
Who/What is Blue Robes
69. After Oñate’s resignation in 1607, authorities in Mexico City decided to keep NM as this to bring Indians into the Christian fold.
Who/What is “Missionary field”
70. Starting in 1608 this was sent to NM around every three years. It was the only safe way into or out of NM.
Who/What is “supply caravan”
71. This present day city was founded around 1608 (possibly 1607)..
Who/What is Santa Fe (La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís)
72. Written by Gaspar Perez de Villagrá, the work is written as an epic poem. This history was published in Spain in1610.
Who/What is Historia de la Nueva Mexico History of New Mexico
73. He arrived in NM in 1612 and set a precedent of feuding between civil and Church authorities.
Who/What is Fray Isidro Ordoñez
74. This church was built at Isleta Pueblo in 1612.
Who/What is Mission San Agustín
75. These two items are among products manufactured in NM by 1614.
Who/What is “Rio Grande Blankets” and “footless tube socks”
76. In this system a person is “granted” specific Indian groups to labor for him in exchange for duties like raising an army to defend NM.
Who/What is Encomienda system
77. A person can petition the government to allow him to use Indian laborers in this system. The Indians must be paid and fed during the time allowed.
Who/What is Repartimiento
78. He arrived in 1617, has been described as Father of the Church in NM.
Fray Esteban de Perea
79. This drama by Lope de Vega, produced in Spain in 1619; is one of the most popular dramas in Western Civilization.
Who/What is Fuente Ovejuna
80. Missionary to Pecos Pueblo; he supervised the building of the Pecos Church, the largest and most magnificent in all NM.
Who/What is Fray Andrés Juárez
81. This was established at all Pueblos by 1621.
Who/What is Pueblo town government
82. These were given to Pueblo governors as a symbol of authority of office. Who/What is Silver crowned canes
83. This statue of Our Lady of the Rosary (Our Lady of Peace) was brought to NM around 1625.
Who/What is La Conquistadora
84. This native industry centered around the cultivation of corn, beans, squash. Who/What is Pueblo agriculture
85. Spanish people brought many foods new to NM: wheat, barley, cabbage, onions, lettuce, varieties of melons, tomatoes, grapes, and fruit trees like quince, apricot, peach, pear, plum, apple. From Mexico the settlers brought chile and improved varieties of corn. They also brought beef, pork, mutton, and goat brought over from Spain.
Who/What is Hispanic agriculture
86. He arrived in NM in 1626 and became famous as a promoter for the NM mission system.
Who/What is Fray Alonso de Benavides
87. This Spanish nun, the “Lady in Blue,” was reported by the Jumano Indians as having appeared to them in 1629 in eastern NM.
Who/What is Sor María de Jesús de Agreda
88. During Good Friday rites, an Indian medicine man from Chililí shouts this violently at fray Alonso de Benavides
Who/What is “You Christians are crazy!”
89. Written by fray Esteban de Perea, it is published 1632 in Spain. Who/What is True Relation of the Great Conversion in New Mexico
90. The mission history of 1610-1635 is known by this description.
Who/What is “Golden Age of Franciscan Missions in NM”
91. This is an obligatory but routine investigation into a Governor’s administration, conducted by the incoming Governor.
Who/What is Residencia
92. Women wear their hair braided and tied into a bun at the back of the head; men wear their hair in two braids. Short hair is a punishment reserved for criminals.
Who/What is New Mexico hairstyles
93. This was one of NM’s first, held around (ca.) 1650, probably in the Taos area.
Who/What is Trade Fair
94. This individual was assigned to guard Indian welfare in major disputes. He was usually a prominent Hispanic citizen.
Who/What is Protector of the Indians
95. This prominent New Mexican is charged in 1662 with, among other things, being a Jew. The Inquisition acquits him of all charges.
Who/What is Francisco Gomez Robledo
96. NM is plagued with these catastrophes during the years 1666-1670. Who/What are drought and famine
97. Bernardo Gruber, a German peddler, is jailed by the Inquisition. Some 27 months later he finally escapes with an Apache companion but in time his remains are discovered in the desert country south of Socorro which takes on this nickname
Who/What is Jornada del Muerto Dead Man’s Route
98. Hard times in NM bring out a resurgence of these dark arts.
Who/What is Witchcraft
99. He arrives in NM in 1675 and reports that the entire province is on the verge of collapse because of the drought and resultant famine. He goes to Mexico City twice for supplies and the second time he is due to return to NM in 1680.
Who/What is Fray Francisco de Ayeta
D. PUEBLO REVOLT MASSACRE--J (August 10, 1680)
100. One of the principal leaders of the surprise Pueblo uprising and the Governor of Hispanic N.M.
Who/What is Popé (Po-pay) and Otermín
101. These were used to signal in how many days the surprise massacre would take place.
Who/What is knotted cords
102. A spirit, “who was very tall and black, with frightful eyes that are large and yellow,” said to guide Popé.
Who/What is Poheyemo
103. Luis and Lorenzo Tupatú (from Picurís), Antonio Malacate (Cochití), Francisco El Ollita and Nicolás Jonva (San Ildefonso), Domingo Romero (Tesuque), Antonio Bolsas (Santa Fe), Cristóbal Yope (San Lázaro), Alonzo Catiti (Santo Domingo), El Jaca (or Saca, from Taos), Domingo Naranjo (Santa Clara)...
Who/What are other leaders with Popé
104. walked from Santa Fe to Tesuque to say mass. When he found the warriors in war paint he said “What is this, are you mad? Do not disturb yourselves. I will help you and die a thousand deaths for you.” The warriors riddled him with arrows.
Who/What is Fray Juan Pío
105. This was the motto of the St. Lawrence Day Massacre promoted by Popé.
Who/What is “Death to all Christians!”
106. She and her ten children were all murdered in their home.
Who/What is Petronila de Salas and family
107. These important papers were all were burned by the Pueblos.
Who/What is Spanish Archives in Santa Fe
108. This friar is told he was going to be “knighted;” he is stripped naked, then forced to ride a pig, kicked to the ground by warriors, who then ride on his back. The friar tells them “Do with me as you wish for this joy of yours will not last and in ten years you will consume each other.” Warriors strike him with war clubs until his face is unrecognizable.
Who/What is Fray Juan de Jesús of Jémez
109. Hopi village in which the murderers of the two friars wore Kachina masks while they did their work.
Who/What is Oraibi
110. These two friars and a Christian mestiza are stripped naked then tied together, the woman in the middle. They are paraded around the pueblo while they are whipped. At the entrance of the convent all Acomas are invited to stone the three to death. When they are down and dying the “warriors” lance them time and again until they are dead. Their bloody bodies are dragged around the pueblo once more then thrown into the village garbage pit.
Who/What are Fray Lucas and Fray Juan de Val at Acoma
111. These family members and other villagers at Los Cerrillos hold off their attackers until they are rescued by a squad of soldiers from Santa Fe.
Who/What is Bernabé Márquez
112. Maese de Campo (military Leader) for his district, he is informed that all Christians up north have been slaughtered. At Isleta Pueblo the Christians, including Christian Indians who have an automatic death sentence on them from Popé, vote to leave for El Paso and he leads them south.
Who/What is Alonso García
113. “Your god is dead, the god who was your father is dead and Mary who is your mother and your saints are pieces of rotten wood…”
Who/What is yelled at the Christians holed up in Santa Fe
114. The Franciscan missionaries killed during the St. Lawrence Day Massacre include Juan Bernal, José Espeleta, José Figueroa, Juan de Jesús María, Francisco Lorenzana, Lucas Maldonado, José Montes de Oca, Antonio Mora, Luis Morales, Juan Pedrosa, Juan Bautista Pío, Matías Rendón, Antonio Sánchez, Agustín de Santa María, Juan Talabán, Manuel Tinoco, José Trujillo, Tomás Torres, Juan del Val, Fernando Velasco, Domingo Vera.
Who/What is 21 Franciscan Martyrs
115. The most beautiful church in all NM, is totally destroyed.
Who/What is Pecos Pueblo Church
116. Pope’s toast to Catiti while drinking out of a church chalice after the successful massacre.
Who/What is “To your health, Reverend Father.”
117. Catiti’s returning toast to Popé.
Who/What is “And to yours, Excellency.”
118. Failed in 1681 because the Pueblos, thinking they would be slaughtered in return for the St. Lawrence Day Massacre, desert their villages.
Who/What is Otermín’s effort at reconquest
119. Otermín learns in 1681 that the main Indian leader has been deposed due to his tyrannical rule and excessive demands for grain, livestock, and women.
Who/What is Popé deposed.
120.. Forcing Hispanic settlers to flee to El Paso, part of NM at that time, doesn’t end the drought or food shortages; civil war erupts, Pueblo against Pueblo, in efforts to rule; and mounted Apaches raiders target everybody. Drought continues for nine more years while hunger and pestilence rule Pueblo land.
Who/What is Anarchy in Pueblo land
E. RECONQUEST--J
121. A Pueblo ladino communicates with NM Pueblo leaders, at around 1691, assuring them they will not be exterminated because of the St. Lawrence Day Massacre. He also notifies them that their lands will not be confiscated in reprisal. He takes land grant title papers from Gov. Domingo Jironza Petriz Cruzate to the pueblos of Acoma, Jémez, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Zía, Cochití, Pecos, Picurís, San Juan, and Zuñi.
Who/What is Bartolomé de Ojeda
122. NM’s valiant Governor in 1692 who vowed to return Hispanic settlers to upper NM without exterminating the Indians in the process.
Who/What is Diego de Vargas
123. During the years 1680-1692, this has now proliferated through many Indian groups living in North America, changing their lives like no other European contribution ever did.
Who/What is Spanish Horse
124. In 1692 he leads the first military expedition into upper NM.
Who/What is Capt. Roque de Madrid
125. These two from Picurís Pueblo, important leaders during the 1680 Massacre, are officially pardoned (1692) by Gov. Vargas.
Who/What is Luis and Lorenzo Tupatú
126. This tribute to Vargas’ bloodless reconquest of NM. was written in 1693 by Professor Carlos de Sigüenza and published in Spain.
Who/What is Mercurio Volante
127. Some 800 people return to upper NM starting in 1693. These people are ancestors of most Hispanics who live in NM today.
Who/What is Recolonization of NM
128. Leader of Pecos Pueblo (1694) who became close friends with Governor Vargas. He was assassinated by the Taos people while on a peace mission.
Who/What is Juan de Ye
129. This is writing about the people who populated NM.
Who/What is NM Demography
130. These were individuals who had been born in Spain and came to NM with Vargas.
Who/What is “The Hundred Gentlemen Soldiers from Spain”
131. These were individuals who had been living in the Valley or City of Mexico before they came to NM.
Who/What is Españoles Mexicanos
132. These were the people who had been living in these mining communities before they came to NM
Who/What is Zacatecas-Sombrerete Colonists
133. In time so many New Mexicans were related that they referred to each other as “cousin.”
Who/What is primo / prima
134. This village is refounded in 1695.
Who/What is Santa Cruz
135. Some pueblos, in league with some plains Indians, rise against Hispanic NM but pueblos like Pecos, Tesuque, San Felipe, Santa Ana, and Zía remain loyal.
Who/What is Rebellion of June, 1696
F. FRONTIER LIFE--J
136. She petitions Gov. Vargas for a grant of land in 1696. It is granted.
Who/What is Antonia Moraga
137. Living in Bernalillo in 1697, this Frenchman, who had been with LaSalle, becomes Hispanicized and the progenitor of the Gurulé families.
Who/What is Jacques Grolet
138. This village is created in 1698.
Who/What is Laguna Pueblo
139. This was made to José Trujillo in 1700; the first land grant in the Española Basin.
Who/What is Mesilla of San Ildefonso land grant
140. A grant of land made to one individual.
Who/What is Private Land Grant
141. A grant of land made to a group of people. All members in the grant could use the “common lands” but because they were owned by all. By Hispanic law no individual could sell them or their share of usage in them. Who/What is Community Land Grant
142. This Hispanic village is founded in 1702.
Who/What is Bernallillo
143. This settlement is founded south of present Albuquerque in 1703.
Who/What is Atrisco
144. These people were Apache groups living to the east of Río Grande settlements.
Who/What is Faraón Apaches
145. Governor Diego de Vargas dies on this date.
Who/What is April 8, 1704
146. These were defensive circular towers built to withstand Indian attacks.
Who/What is Torreones
147. These warrior Indians were identified as being in NM by at least 1705. Who/What are Comanches
148. This villa was founded in 1706.
Who/What is Alburquerque
149. This term was used usually to describe a plains Indian (not a Pueblo) living in or around an Hispanic settlement.
Who/What is genízaro
150. Juan de Ulibarrí is assigned in 1706 to escort refugees from Picurís Pueblo back to their village. They had fled to Colorado during the 1696 revolt and it was believed they were being enslaved by Apaches. This humanitarian effort returned them to their village.
Who/What is Picurís Rescue Mission
151. The expedition of 1706 led by Juan de Ulibarrí identified the high peak in southern Colorado and named it. (Now called “Pike’s Peak.”)
Who/What is El Capitán
152. He was a Pueblo Indian leader from Tesuque in 1709.
Who/What is Domingo Romero
153. He was a Pueblo Indian leader from Pecos in 1709.
Who/What is Felipe Chistoe
154. This festival is established on Sept., 1712
Who/What is Santa Fe Fiesta
155. This woman was granted land in Taos Valley, 1715
Who/What is Francisca Gigosa
156. This Hispanic settlement was founded in 1716.
Who/What is Los Lunas
157. Pedro de Villasur is ordered in 1720 to investigate rumors of French incursions aimed at New Mexico. His expedition goes as far as central Nebraska where it is attacked by Indians. About 45 Hispanics die in the attack.
Who/What is Villasur Expedition
158. This painting is thought to be the earliest extant painting drawn in NM (and therefore the USA); it depicts the battle of the Villasur Expedition. Who/What is Segesser Hide Painting
159. By 1723 this trade fair is formally established as the chief trading event for plains and mountain tribes. Comanches are the most important, and volatile, participants.
Who/What is Taos Fair
160. This Hispanic settlement was founded in 1725.
Who/What is Embudo
161. This is a term for racial or ethnic mixing
Who/What is mestizaje
162. He is the Governor’s representative in a Spanish community
Who/What is Alcalde Mayor
163. He is the Lieutenant of the Alcalde Mayor
Who/What is Teniente Alcalde
164. These laws were intended to govern frontier areas like NM. Among other things, they recognize that Christian Indians are an integral part of Hispanic NM.
Who/What is Reglamento de 1729
165. In 1730, Bishop Benito Crespo, in 1737 Bishop Martín de Elizacoechea, in 1760 Bishop Pedro Tamarón.
Who/What is Episcopal Visitations to NM
166. New Mexico’s First native priest (1730) returns to minister in his native land.
Who/What is Santiago Roybal
167. This woman was the owner (1731) of this land grant east of Albuquerque..
Who/What is Elena Gallegos
168. This man was from Santa Cruz, was investigated starting in 1734 by the Inquisition over a period of five years. Because of the investigation, his writings survive to the present day.
Who/What is Miguel de Quintana
169. This settlement is founded in 1739.
Who/What is Tomé
170. In 1739 these two French brothers appear in NM in an effort to establish trade relations.
Who/What is Pierre and Paul Mallet
171. The land grant is made in 1740, settlement is refounded in 1742.
Who/What is Belén
172. This Hispanic settlement is founded in 1748.
Who/What is Córdova
173. These warrior Indians target this eastern pueblo during 1746 to 1748. Governor Codallos and his troops, along with Pueblo defenders, finally defeat (1748) some 300 Comanche attackers who had vowed to wipe the pueblo off the face of the earth.
Who/What are Comanches and Pecos Pueblo
174. Famous for their dependability and honesty, they also become known as “men who never turn their backs on friend or foe.”
Who/What is Arrieros (Mule packers, muleteers; transporters of goods.)
175. This famous santero was born in the Chimayó area around 1749.
Who/What is Antonio Fresquis
176. The village of Velarde was founded in 1750 and named in his honor.
Who/What is Juan Matías Velarde.
177. This ranching activity is NM’s most important industry by 1750.
Who/What is Sheep Ranching
178. These men often rode on horseback and usually employed highly trained sheep dogs.
Who/What is Pastores (Borregueros, Sheep herders)
179. This tough breed of sheep thrived in NM
Who/What is Churro
180. In this business arrangement a sheep owner would lend a specified number of ewes to an individual to care for them for a specified period of time (3 to 5 years). Each year the partidario would pay the owner around 20% of the increase of the flock plus 20% of the yearly wool harvest. At the end of the contract period the partidario would return the original flock to the owner, retaining the increase of animals and his share of the wool.
Who/What is Partido system
181. It is believed that this date was the beginning of the Santero Period of NM folk art .
Who/What is 1750
182. This NM santero was working from 1750-1805
Who/What is18th Century Novice
183. In 1751 the Las Trampas Land grant was awarded to Juan de Argüello and eleven others and became known by this name.
Who/What is “Trampas 12”
184. This entrepreneur was one of New Mexico’s wealthiest traders and sheep kings by his death in 1785.
Who/What is Clemente Gutiérrez
185. He arrived in NM in 1754 and became a recognized santero, cartographer, and military officer.
Who/What is Bernardo Miera y Pacheco
187. These are the life-blood of NM agriculture.
Who/What is Acequias (irrigation ditches)
188. He arrives in the Chimayó area around 1765 and begins the Trujillo family weaving tradition.
Who/What is Diego de Trujillo
189. This land grant was awarded to Juan Pablo Martín in 1766.
Who/What is Polvadera land grant
190. By 1767Utes are to the north, Comanches to the east, Apaches to the south, Navajos to the west.
Who/What is NM Christian settlements surrounded
191. Comanche chieftain, first identified in 1768. He wears a headdress that places a green horn on his forehead and his followers treat him as the undisputed leader. He is the implacable enemy of Pueblo and Hispanic NM.
Who/What is Cuerno Verde
192. She is the wealthiest woman in NM in 1769.
Who/What is Josefa Bustamante
193. In 1771 around 500 mounted Comanches attack this village on the Las Trampas land grant and many farmer-rancher settlers are killed.
Who/What is Comanche raid on El Valle
194. This Indian fighter was commissioned by Governor Mendinueta to retaliate against the Comanches in 1774. His expedition captures hundreds of Comanches.
Who/What is Carlos Fernández
195. This number is the approximate Hispanic population of NM in 1776
Who/What is 9, 742.
196. These Native American youngsters lived in a religious convent and were educated by missionaries to help promote the Christian Faith.
Who/What is Doctrinarios
197. Two Franciscan friars lead this party of nine explorers, one of whom was Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, in an effort to chart a trail to Monterey, California. Starting from Santa Fe, they explore parts of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona before returning home, without reaching Monterrey.
Who/What is Domínguez – Escalante Expedition of 1776
198. This NM santero created art from about 1776 to 1786.
Who/What is Fray Andrés García
199. This cleric wrote his impressions of life in NM in his work titled Account of Disorders in New Mexico, 1778.
Who/What is Fray Juan Agustin de Morfi
200. He arrived in NM in 1778 at the age of 42. He is already an heroic Southwestern personality because of his frontier work in Sonora, Arizona, and California.
Who/What is Juan B. De Anza
201. This Comanche chief wanted to make peace with Anza and NM.
Who/What is Chief Ecueracapa (Leather Cape)
202. This Comanche chief wanted to continue the war with NM.
Who/What is Chief Toroblanco
203. This Hispano/Amerindian agreement lasted from 1786-1846 and into the Territorial years. The alliance is second in importance only to that with the Pueblo people.
Who/What is Comanche Peace
204. They are described by Hispanic writers as “robust, good looking, and happy; of a martial, honest, and generous character.”
Who/What is Comanche people
205. These Hispanic and Pueblo New Mexicans were master plainsmen who went east to trade with the Comanches, Utes, Kiowas, Cheyenne.
Who/What is Comancheros
206. This became “big business” once the Comanche Peace was established. NM trade items included Comanche bread, cornmeal, wheat flour, sugar, dried pumpkins, onions, tobacco, barley meal, saddlery, dry goods, lances, tomahawks. In return, Amerindians traded buffalo meat, hides, horses, mules, and guns.
Who/What is Comanchero Trade
207. She was a Comanche captive ransomed to freedom by Comanchero traders.
Who/What is Sarah Ann Horn
208. Given to recognized Indian leaders, these were silver headed canes, silver medals, scarlet cloaks.
Who/What is Symbols of authority
209. This is the Spanish word for “musket”
Who/What is Escopeta
210. This is the Spanish word for “carbine,” an early model of a rifle
Who/What is Carabina
211. This greatest of equestrians was an Hispano buffalo lancer
Who/What is Cibolero
212. He was the greatest trailblazer in the history of the Southwest.
Who/What is Pedro Vial
213. He duplicated Vial’s feat (1787), only in reverse, from Santa Fe to San Antonio.
Who/What is José Mares
214. In this year about 93% of New Mexicans held no servants or slaves.
Who/What is NM society in 1790
215. There are some 16, 358 Hispanics living in NM in this year.
Who/What is Population of NM in 1790
216. This santero is thought to have arrived in NM around 1790. He works here for some ten years.
Who/What is Laguna Santero
217. This santero is creating santero art from 1790 to 1830.
Who/What is Pedro Antonio Fresquis
218. This warrior leader (1791) is from Isleta Pueblo.
Who/What is Captain Taschelnate
219. This NM leader-to-be was born (1793) in Abiquiú.
Who/What is Antonio José (Father) Martínez
220. This land grant was awarded in 1794 to Lorenzo Márquez and 51 other heads of families.
Who/What is San Miguel del Bado land grant
221. This famous “patrón” was born (1794) in Córdova.
Who/What is Pedro Córdova
222. This northern NM land grant was made in 1796.
Who/What is Don Fernández de Taos land grant
223. Defending the frontier has taken its toll on the male population of NM. By 1796 this group outnumbers Hispanic men by a ratio of 10 to 8.
Who/What is Hispanic Women
224. This famous santero is born in 1796 in Santa Fe.
Who/What is J. Rafael Aragón
225. This pioneer sheep rancher of NM and AZ imported purebred Merinos into NM.
Who/What is Juan Candelaria
226. Living in NM are 23,648 Hispanics (includes those in El Paso) and around 10,557 (presumably Pueblo) Indians.
Who/What is Population of NM in 1799
227. In 1800 he discovers a fabulous deposit of copper that comes to be known as the Santa Rita Mine.
Who/What is J. Manuel Carrasco
228. This western NM land grant is awarded (1800) to 30 families from the Atrisco-Albuquerque area.
Who/What is Cebolleta (Seboyeta) land grant
229. This art form has been described as “a truly rare, indigenous art form” with no precedents in the rest of the USA.
Who/What is Santero Art
230. This famous jeweler is born (1802) in Taos, the first of the five-generation Luna family tradition of filigree jewelers.
Who/What is Rafael Luna
231 This governor stated in an 1803 report that “NM isn’t poor as it is generally represented.”
Who/What is. Gov. Chacón
232. In 1804 at least a thousand Navajos attack the 30 families living in this western NM village. After many heroics, the attack is repulsed.
Who/What is Cebolleta (Seboyeta)
233. This Frenchman arrives (1804) in Santa Fe with trade goods. He is jailed immediately because he had no authority for trading.
Who/What is Jean Batiste Lalande
234. This procedure against smallpox is introduced in NM in 1805.
Who/What is Vaccination
235. This Kentuckian arrives (1805) in Santa Fe with trade goods. He is jailed immediately.
Who/What is James Purcell
236. This land grant is awarded (1806) to Francisco Salazar and some 30 heads of families.
Who/What is Cañon del Río de Chama (San Joaquín land grant)
237. This American officer leads a spy expedition (1807) into NM in order supply President Jefferson with information on possible American expansion into the Southwest.
Who/What is Zebulon M. Pike
238. These master weavers from Mexico City arrive (1807) in Santa Fe to work with NM weavers.
Who/What is Bazán brothers Juan and Ignacio Ricardo
239. This place was the starting point for the trade caravans going to Chihuahua and points south.
Who/What is La Joya de Sevilleta
240. This Navajo leader of the Tótsohnii clan was born in 1807. He grows up speaking Navajo and Spanish learned from New Mexican captives.
Who/What is Cebolla, Antonio Sandoval
241. This master horseman was a wild horse cowboy, a mustanger.
Who/What is Mesteñero
242. This referred to money used to pay for masses in honor of mustangers who have died.
Who/What is(The Lariat bond of Souls) El Lazo de las Animas
243. These two brothers from Las Vegas, NM, were the most famous mesteñeros (mustangers) on the Great Plains.
Who/What is Trujillo brothers Pedro and Celedón
244. This master horseman was a renowned mustanger who made mustanging appear to be a simple frontier sport.
Who/What is Teodoro Gonzáles
245. This chapel built in 1814-16 becomes known as the “Lourdes of America.”
Who/What is Santuario de Chimayó
246. This village between Belén and Socorro was founded in 1811
Who/What is La Joya
245. This was written by Pedro Bautista Pino and published (1812) in Spain; it describes life in NM; warns that the USA would like to take NM.
Who/What is "Brief Exposition on the Province of New Mexico (Exposición sucinta y sencilla de la provincia del Nuevo Mexico)
246. This mountain man born (ca. 1812) in Taos.
Who/What is Mariano Medina
247. This future priest and NM leader was born (1815) in Abiquiú.
Who/What is(Fr.) José Manuel Gallegos
248. This village southeast of Albuquerque is founded in 1816.
Who/What is Manzano
249. He was the leading American fur trader working (1816) out of St. Louis.
Who/What is Manuel Lisa
250. This great NM frontiersman was born (1818) at Atrisco.
Who/What is Manuel Antonio Chaves
251. This santero, known only by his initials, is working from 1820-1840.
Who/What is “A.J.”
252. This famous santero was working from 1820-1835.
Who/What is José Aragón
253. On this date Mexico wins its independence from Spain. As of this date, New Mexico is a part of Mexico.
Who/What is September 27, 1821
254. These men like Kit Carson are written about in the USA.
Who/What is “Mountain Men”
255. This legal document recognizes (1821) all Indians as citizens of Mexico. The designation of “genízaro” is officially dropped.
Who/What is Treaty of Córdova
256. This land grant is made in 1821 to M. Luis Baca and his seventeen (17) sons.
Who/What is Town of Las Vegas land grant
257. Because another “Town of Las Vegas grant” is made in 1835, the Baca family uncomplicates matters by taking an equivalent amount of land in five lieu selections which become known by this phrase.
Who/What is “Baca Locations”
258. From 1821 to 1846 there are ninety (90) of these men who are baptized in order to marry NM women.
Who/What is “Foreigners” in NM
259. He is the first native born New Mexican to serve (1822) as Governor.
Who/What is Francisco X. de Chávez
260. These are lifted (1822) and American traders are permitted to enter NM.
Who/What is “Trade restrictions”
261. This wandering Missouri Frenchman was guided into Santa Fe with trade goods in 1822.
Who/What is William Becknell
262. This engaging French-Canadian came to NM in 1823, settled in Taos, traded with the mountain men.
Who/What is Carlos Beaubien
263. He was an Indian fighter and also Governor of NM in 1822-23.
Who/What is J. Antonio Viscarra
264. This is the official name for the Penitente Brotherhood.
Who/What is Brothers of Our Father Jesus
265. This is the name for the Penitente meeting hall.
Who/What is Morada
266. This is Spanish for “Elder Brother.”
Who/What is Hermano Mayor
267. This is Spanish for “wake.”
Who/What is Velorio
268. This is Spanish for Lent.
Who/What is La Cuaresma
269. This is Spanish for Holy Week
Who/What is Semana Santa
270. This is a Penitente religious hymn.
Who/What is Alabado
271. These NM animals were traded to Missouri and the Southern states.
Who/What is “Missouri Mules”
272. This Chihuahua merchant led (1824) a Santa Fe business delegation to various parts of the Mississippi Valley in an effort to encourage trade with NM and Chihuahua.
Who/What is José Escudero
273. This very tall Frenchman from Missouri arrived in Taos in 1625.
Who/What is Ceran St. Vrain
274. He led a trading mission to Missouri (1825) with a pack train of 500 mules loaded with trade goods. He became the west-to-east “Father of the Santa Fe Trade.”
Who/What is Manuel Simon Escudero
275. This santero was working in northern NM from around 1825-50.
Who/What is Arroyo Hondo Santero
276. He arrives in NM in 1826, settled in Taos, and later became famous.
Who/What is Christopher “Kit” Carson
277. This famous priest was installed as the Pastor of Taos in 1826.
Who/What is Padre Martínez
278. These men, mostly American and French, use Taos as their base of operations.
Who/What is Fur Trappers
279. Despite the NM law to protect them, these animals were trapped to extinction by the mountain men.
Who/What is Beaver
280. He served as Governor of NM three different times.
Who/What is Manuel Armijo
281. He hated Gov. Armijo because as a member of the invading Texas-Santa Fe Expedition (1841) Armijo’s forces captured him and the Texans, forced the invaders to walk to Mexico City.
Who/What is George Kendall
282. This author of Commerce of the Prairies hated Gov. Armijo because Gregg considered “Mexicans” to be inferior people.
Who/What is Josiah Gregg
283. This first U.S. Attorney in NM, author of El Gringo, or New Mexico and Her People, wrote that New Mexicans like Gov. Armijo were inferior to “Anglo-Saxons,” who were superior to all other people.
Who/What is. W.W.H. Davis
284. This has been described as debt that never ends. American writers often referred to it as “slavery,” rationalizing that black slaves in the American South were better off.
Who/What is Debt peonage
285. These gold mines are discovered (1828) in the Ortiz Mts. southeast of Santa Fe.
Who/What is Placer de Dolores
286. American soldiers assigned to protect caravans on the Santa Fe Trail are at a disadvantage because they are on foot while raiders are on horseback. Washington authorities finally give permission to use horses and this branch of the Army is born in 1829.
Who/What is U.S. Cavalry
287.. Antonio Armijo from Abiquiu leads a trading expedition (1829-30) to California, pioneering this westward route along the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. Despite desert hardships, the expedition is successful and the journey becomes a yearly event in which wives and children often accompany the traders.
Who/What is Old Spanish Trail(s)
288. Cibolero hunters form their wagons into this formation when threatened by hostile Indians.
Who/What is “Circle the wagons!”
289. This santero is working from 1830-50.
Who/What is Quill Pen Santero
290. This santero is working from 1830-60.
Who/What is Santo Niño Santero
290. This young man from Santa Fe is among the first (1831).studen