Cosmic House
Publisher of
NEW MEXICO: A
BRIEF-MULTIHISTORY
EPIC OF THE GREATER SOUTHWEST
P.O. Box 7748, ALBUQUERQUE, NM, 87194
(505) 839-4849 FAX: (505) 839-4849
Email: saljustin@msn.com WEBSITE: http://www.historynothype.com
Orders: Click Here
ANSWERS (PDF format)
FOREWORD
All items in the ACTIVITIES—QUESTIONS—ANSWERS sections are from the State adopted NEW MEXICO: A BRIEF MULTI-HISTORY by Rubén Sálaz (Márquez).
The professional lesson plans provided herein for use with New Mexico: A Brief Multi-History are extensive by necessity because they are intended to enable teachers to select materials for their level of students. The intent is to have students Read-Write-Speak on New Mexico history, not the mere memorization of “factoids.”
Do not become overwhelmed by the amount of material available for teaching New Mexico history in these lesson plans. Obviously, no single teacher will use all the strategies provided below because there would not be enough time in the school year. Their purpose is to enable the teacher to exercise SELECTION. By judicious use of this guide, specific lesson plans/strategies/ideas can be utilized by professionals at the elementary, mid-school, high school, or college level. For example, for the one semester of New Mexico History required for high school graduation, the Profile Biography sections, 39 items in the STATEHOOD section alone, could suffice for the semester because 20th century New Mexico history is reflected in these biographies. If that is the choice, it should not be forgotten that the present can also be used to illuminate the past, and vice versa. Additionally, expect controversy because differing opinions in class can lead to topics that should be discussed/debated using documented evidence and sound logic. Understanding the New Mexican present and past is crucial to recognizing New Mexican realities, good or bad. The teacher should emphasize that ideas, not the person articulating them, are being discussed.
Use of the biographies are only one small part of lesson plan possibilities that could be selected by the teacher. For example, basics for the 9th grade course could be (1) Vocabulary building, (2) Biography as History, (3) specific, teacher assigned research topics, (4) and learning games like Jeopardy or Password.
. As you will recognize, these lesson plans were created by a career classroom professional. They will not be construed as “boring.” Compare them in scope, creativity, potential for productivity, etc., to any others provided with any other textbook.
Every effort has been made to organize these materials to facilitate their use in the classroom. Do not be overwhelmed by the amount of material presented in New Mexico: A Brief Multi-History or in the lesson plans below. It would be good to review all strategies provided but it is not necessary to download the entire “Learning and Teaching Guide.” A good starting strategy would be to make a copy of the Table of Contents for the
ACTIVITIES—QUESTIONS—ANSWERS segments then decide what would be appropriate for your students. Copy those files and structure them for use in your particular classroom. Other items can be copied as necessary during the school year.
Feel free to contact the author by email: Saljustin@msn.com
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INDEX for ANSWERS section:
I. Let’s play New Mexico JEOPARDY.
B. Exploration & Colonization--J
II. Let’s play New Mexico PASSWORD.
(Adjust traditional PASSWORD rules to facilitate student participation.)
III. The BIOGRAPHEE is…
IV. Identify, Define, Explain
A. PRECONTACT
B. EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION
D. PUEBLO REVOLT/ST. LAWRENCE DAY MASSACRE
[End of INDEX.]
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I. Let’s play NEW MEXICO JEOPARDY!
(Adjust traditional JEOPARDY rules to facilitate student participation.)
INSTRUCTIONS for classroom New Mexico Jeopardy.
Level I (Basic)
The teacher will read statements in game show Jeopardy fashion and members of the class will answer with the question after being called upon.
Level II (Advanced)
(1) Three student hosts will take turns reading statements in game show Jeopardy fashion. Each host will be assigned a specific number of statements (for example, 1-25, 350-375, 500-550, etc.) and will have a (student) judge (three students, each with a copy of correct answers) to verify that a response is indeed correct. (The teacher could be the judge, if desired, but the more students are involved the better. In the above format, nine students will participate directly.)
(2) The class will be divided into three groups and each group will prepare for the competition by reviewing the designated subject matter (taken from the ANSWERS: Identify, Define, Explain material) then select one person to compete against the other two contestants. There will be three contestants, each representing a team.
(3) The teacher will decide the proper period of time in which contestants must come up with the proper response.
(4) Contestants will be called upon to answer, by the TEACHER, depending on who raises his/her hand (or a small flag, etc.) first.
(5) WRONG ANSWERS will be deducted from the contestant’s score of correct answers.
(6) The teacher will declare the winner (winning team) whoever arrives at the desired number of correct answers first (which could be 3, 5, 10, etc., depending on the maturity level of students being worked with.).
(7) The teacher will decide on a reward for the winners and losers (both of which should be educational).
A. PRECONTACT--J
1. From around 12,000 B.C., these inhabitants are thought to have been the earliest residents of New Mexico.
Who/What is Sandía Man
2. These hunters roamed NM around 10,000 B.C.
Who/What is Clovis Man
3. They lived from the first systematized agriculture (of corn, beans, squash; raised tobacco) in the Southwest. Probably lived in permanent settlements, around 9,000 B.C.
Who/What is Cochise People
4. 1200 B.C., the Phoenicians identify the country now called “Spain.” Who/What is Hispalis
5. Phoenician name for people from “Hispalis” (Spain)
Who/What is Hispani
6. The Romans’ Old Latin name for Spain.
Who/What is Hispaniarium
7. The Romans’ Modern Latin name for Spain.
Who/What is Hispania
8. Cultures of Europe based on Greek and Roman foundations
Who/What is Western Civilization
9. Anno Domini; Year of Our Lord (Birth of Christ)
Who/What is A.D.
10. People who lived around 1-700 A.D., thought to be ancestors of the modern Pueblo people of NM.
Who/What is Anasazi
11. 300-1300 A.D., culture characterized by pit house architecture and artistic pottery.
Who/What is Mogollon Culture
12. 700-1300, the highest point of development of the Anasazi.
Who/What is Chaco Civilization
13. By around 455 A.D., barbarians from northern Europe have destroyed the Roman Empire and plunge Europe into this period of history.
Who/What is Dark Ages
14. Muslim groups invade Spain in this year and soon conquer almost all of the peninsula.
Who/What is 711 A.D.
15. This was a highly cultured Arab group that ruled Spain at the beginning of the Muslim conquest.
Who/What is Saracens
16. 718 A.D., he was the first Christian king to begin the reconquest of Spain.
Who/What is Pelayo
17. Ruler of Spain in 912 A.D. Muslim Spain is the richest, most cultured, and powerful state in all of Europe.
Who/What is Abdu-r-Rahman III;
18. By 1000 A.D., this Muslim general has fought most Christian armies to a standstill. But the tide is changing toward the end of the century. Who/What is Almanzor
19. Known as El Cid (around 1085 A.D.), he is the most famous Knight of the Middle Ages.
Who/What is Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar
20. In the Southwest by around 1400, these people are now referred to as Apache and/or Navajo.
Who/What is Athabascan
21. 1492, the first European to discover the Western Hemisphere and establish permanent settlements in it.
Who/What is Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus)
22. Decreed in 1504 that Indians of the Americas are to be treated well and brought into the Christian fold.
Who/What is Queen Isabel (Elizabeth) of Spain.
23. 1516, assigned as the first “Protector of the Indians” of the New World. He becomes the immortal, herculean champion of Amerindian people. Who/What is Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
24. Conquers Mexico in 1519-21.
Who/What is Hernán Cortés
25.Leader of the first Christian missionaries to enter Mexico City. Cortés and his captains kneel and kiss the hand of each missionary while the Indians watch.
Who/What is Motolinía
26. This first university in the Americas is founded in 1533.
Who/What is University of Mexico City
27. 1528-1536: This “first European traveler” in the Southwest and three others land in Tampa Bay, Florida, then sail to the Texas coast where they are shipwrecked. They are enslaved by various wandering Indian tribes, escape, and finally arrive in Culiacán, Mexico, in 1536. His report on his experiences gives rise to the legend of the Seven Cities of Cíbola.
Who/What is Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca
29. A medieval legend had it that when the Muslims conquered Spain a group of seven Spanish bishops and their congregations set sail from Spain and landed in the New World.
Who/What is Seven Cities of Gold.
29. He was the first bishop of Mexico.
Who/What is Bishop Zumárraga
30. A Franciscan, he leads an exploration party to the outskirts of Zuni, NM. Who/What is Fray Marcos de Niza
B. EXPLORATION & COLONIZATION--J
31. First (1540-42) explorer of what is now the Southwest. He and/or his men explored the land (Southwest) from California to Kansas in a two year epic unmatched in the history of the USA.
Who/What is Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
32. One of Coronado’s captains; discovered California. “America’s first frontiersman…the principal outrider of the Coronado Expedition” according to S. L. Udall.
Who/What is Melchior Díaz
33. One of Coronado’s captains; first to make contact with the Hopi (Tusayan) villages.
Who/What is Pedro Tovar
34. One of Coronado’s captains whose group discovered the Grand Canyon. Who/What is García López de Cárdenas
34. a: He led the climbers who tried, unsuccessfully, to descend to the Canyon floor.
Who/What is Pablo de Melgosa
35. One of Coronado’s captains; the first to explore the Río Grande valley of New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle.
Who/What is Hernando de Alvarado
36. One of Coronado’s captains; discovered and first to explore the Colorado River.
Who/What is Hernando de Alarcón
37. He was the “Fighting Friar” with the Coronado expedition. The first missionary to be martyred by Indians in the Southwest.
Who/What is Fray Juan de Padilla
38. He was a member of and historian of the Coronado expedition.
Who/What is Pedro de Castañeda
39. Spanish jurist (d. 1546) who established the foundations of European international law. His philosophy included ideas that the men and women of the New World could not be enslaved by any truly Christian country merely because it had the power to do so.
Who/What is Francisco de Vitoria
40. The King of Spain from 1516-1555, he was also Holy Roman Emperor. Because of Spanish discoveries in the New World, the phrase was coined “The sun never sets on the Spanish Empire.”
Who/What is Charles V, Charles I in Spain
41. This herculean missionary (ca. 1550) became the immortal “Protector of the Indians” of the Americas. He achieved that status because Spanish rulers listened to his efforts to promote Indian welfare.
Who/What is Bartolomé de Las Casas
42. Though England and Spain aren’t at war, Queen Elizabeth I of England sends him to steal from Spanish galleons and coastal settlements. He returns to England such a successful thief that Queen Elizabeth makes him a Knight of the Realm.
Who/What is Francis Drake (1540?-1596)
43. Missionaries led by Agustín Rodríguez and a few soldiers led by Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado go up the Río Grande Valley (1581) as far as Puaray (Coronado’s “Tiguex,” the area of present-day Bernalillo). Missionaries who stay in the area are later martyred.
Who/What is Rodríguez-Chamuscado Expedition
44. He finances and leads a small group into NM (1582-83) in hopes of finding the missionaries from the Rodriguez-Chamuscado expedition.
Who/What is Antonio de Espejo
45. He is author of “Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation.” A highly skilled propagandist, S. Udall has written that he promoted “Black Legend” information on Spain and her people, that he skewed historical dates and events to make England heroic.
Who/What is Richard Hakluyt (1552?-1616)
46. Leads some 170 people into NM (1590-91) to form a settlement. Because his entrada wasn’t legal, all are brought back to Mexico.
Who/What is Gaspar Castaño de Sosa
47. Leyva Bonilla and Gutiérrez Humaña lead a small party up the Río Grande valley (1595) and into the plains. All but two are killed by Indians. Who/What is Leyva-Gutiérrez Expedition
48. Gives a memorable, stirring speech to fellow colonists going to NM with Oñate when they become dejected over having to wait around so long for the expedition to start. Most of her listeners are convinced to stay.
Who/What is Doña Eufemia Sosa de Peñalosa (1598)
49. Heroic founder of NM (1598), the first colony of Europeans in what is today the USA.
Who/What is Juan de Oñate
50. These two are nephews of Oñate who were part of the NM colonization effort.
Who/What are Juan and Vicente Zaldívar
C. PIONEER SETTLEMENT--J
51. Oñate and his settlers take official possession of NM on this date.
Who/What is April 30, 1598
52. This site is chosen at San Juan Pueblo for colonists to make their homes It is the first colony of Europeans in what is today the USA.
Who/What is San Juan de los Caballeros (Knights of St. John, July 11, 1598).
53. On this date the main caravan of settlers arrives at San Juan de los Caballeros (Knights of St. John)..
Who/What is August 18, 1598
54. The Royal Road, The King’s Highway, extends from Mexico City to San Juan Pueblo in NM Almost 2000 miles in length, it remains the longest road in North America for centuries.
Who/What is El Camino Real (de Tierra Adentro)
55. Vicente de Zaldívar leads an expedition (1600) out onto the plains on this successful first hunt.
Who/What is First buffalo (bison) hunt
56. This minor chieftain at Acoma speaks for war to destroy the Spanish settlers.
Who/What is Zutucapán
57. Juan de Zaldívar and 31 of his men stop to trade when they are attacked by Acoma warriors. Only five survive the surprise attack. Juan is among the dead.
Who/What is Ambush at Acoma
58. January, 1599, a legal war is declared against Acoma. Vicente de Zaldívar, brother of the slain Juan, leads the expedition of 72 soldiers. After three days of fighting, the warriors are defeated in battle.
Who/What is Acoma War
59. He is St. James, Patron Saint of Spain.
Who/What is Santiago
60. Oñate moves (1600) his settlement across the river
Who/What is San Gabriel
61. (1600) A group village of Indians give the Spanish tribute (tax) collector “stones to eat” instead of corn and when two Spaniards are riding by the village they murder the two Christians. Unwilling to risk another surprise attack as at Acoma, Vicente Zaldívar leads (1601) 50 soldiers and destroys most of the village.
Who/What is Jumano War
62. This is buckskin, a soft, tanned hide from deer or antelope. Hispanic colonists make their clothes of this buckskin, the first Europeans to do so.
Who/What is gamuza
63. This honorific title was bestowed by Philip III (1602) to all colonists who settled and lived in NM according to contractual obligations.
Who/What is don (doña) De Origen Noble (of noble origin)
64. This resettlement in 1604 was an effort to heal the wounds from the war of five years before.
Who/What is Acoma resettled
65. This was written by Oñate on El Morro (Inscription Rock), the first inscription written in a European language in what is now the USA.
Who/What is “Pasó por aquí el adelantado don Juan de Oñate del descubrimiento de la mar del sur a 16 de abril de 1605.”
66. This Town Council is created in Santa Fe, 1605, the first such governing body in what is today the USA.
Who/What is Cabildo
67. This novel was written by Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra. Part II was published 10 years later and the work became one of the most popular books in Western Civilization.
Who/What is El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de La Mancha
68. Franciscans in NM wore these and became known by them.
Who/What is Blue Robes
69. After Oñate’s resignation in 1607, authorities in Mexico City decided to keep NM as this to bring Indians into the Christian fold.
Who/What is “Missionary field”
70. Starting in 1608 this was sent to NM around every three years. It was the only safe way into or out of NM.
Who/What is “supply caravan”
71. This present day city was founded around 1608 (possibly 1607)..
Who/What is Santa Fe (La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís)
72. Written by Gaspar Perez de Villagrá, the work is written as an epic poem. This history was published in Spain in1610.
Who/What is Historia de la Nueva Mexico History of New Mexico
73. He arrived in NM in 1612 and set a precedent of feuding between civil and Church authorities.
Who/What is Fray Isidro Ordoñez
74. This church was built at Isleta Pueblo in 1612.
Who/What is Mission San Agustín
75. These two items are among products manufactured in NM by 1614.
Who/What is “Rio Grande Blankets” and “footless tube socks”
76. In this system a person is “granted” specific Indian groups to labor for him in exchange for duties like raising an army to defend NM.
Who/What is Encomienda system
77. A person can petition the government to allow him to use Indian laborers in this system. The Indians must be paid and fed during the time allowed.
Who/What is Repartimiento
78. He arrived in 1617, has been described as Father of the Church in NM.
Fray Esteban de Perea
79. This drama by Lope de Vega, produced in Spain in 1619; is one of the most popular dramas in Western Civilization.
Who/What is Fuente Ovejuna
80. Missionary to Pecos Pueblo; he supervised the building of the Pecos Church, the largest and most magnificent in all NM.
Who/What is Fray Andrés Juárez
81. This was established at all Pueblos by 1621.
Who/What is Pueblo town government
82. These were given to Pueblo governors as a symbol of authority of office. Who/What is Silver crowned canes
83. This statue of Our Lady of the Rosary (Our Lady of Peace) was brought to NM around 1625.
Who/What is La Conquistadora
84. This native industry centered around the cultivation of corn, beans, squash. Who/What is Pueblo agriculture
85. Spanish people brought many foods new to NM: wheat, barley, cabbage, onions, lettuce, varieties of melons, tomatoes, grapes, and fruit trees like quince, apricot, peach, pear, plum, apple. From Mexico the settlers brought chile and improved varieties of corn. They also brought beef, pork, mutton, and goat brought over from Spain.
Who/What is Hispanic agriculture
86. He arrived in NM in 1626 and became famous as a promoter for the NM mission system.
Who/What is Fray Alonso de Benavides
87. This Spanish nun, the “Lady in Blue,” was reported by the Jumano Indians as having appeared to them in 1629 in eastern NM.
Who/What is Sor María de Jesús de Agreda
88. During Good Friday rites, an Indian medicine man from Chililí shouts this violently at fray Alonso de Benavides
Who/What is “You Christians are crazy!”
89. Written by fray Esteban de Perea, it is published 1632 in Spain. Who/What is True Relation of the Great Conversion in New Mexico
90. The mission history of 1610-1635 is known by this description.
Who/What is “Golden Age of Franciscan Missions in NM”
91. This is an obligatory but routine investigation into a Governor’s administration, conducted by the incoming Governor.
Who/What is Residencia
92. Women wear their hair braided and tied into a bun at the back of the head; men wear their hair in two braids. Short hair is a punishment reserved for criminals.
Who/What is New Mexico hairstyles
93. This was one of NM’s first, held around (ca.) 1650, probably in the Taos area.
Who/What is Trade Fair
94. This individual was assigned to guard Indian welfare in major disputes. He was usually a prominent Hispanic citizen.
Who/What is Protector of the Indians
95. This prominent New Mexican is charged in 1662 with, among other things, being a Jew. The Inquisition acquits him of all charges.
Who/What is Francisco Gomez Robledo
96. NM is plagued with these catastrophes during the years 1666-1670. Who/What are drought and famine
97. Bernardo Gruber, a German peddler, is jailed by the Inquisition. Some 27 months later he finally escapes with an Apache companion but in time his remains are discovered in the desert country south of Socorro which takes on this nickname
Who/What is Jornada del Muerto Dead Man’s Route
98. Hard times in NM bring out a resurgence of these dark arts.
Who/What is Witchcraft
99. He arrives in NM in 1675 and reports that the entire province is on the verge of collapse because of the drought and resultant famine. He goes to Mexico City twice for supplies and the second time he is due to return to NM in 1680.
Who/What is Fray Francisco de Ayeta
D. PUEBLO REVOLT MASSACRE--J (August 10, 1680)
100. One of the principal leaders of the surprise Pueblo uprising and the Governor of Hispanic N.M.
Who/What is Popé (Po-pay) and Otermín
101. These were used to signal in how many days the surprise massacre would take place.
Who/What is knotted cords
102. A spirit, “who was very tall and black, with frightful eyes that are large and yellow,” said to guide Popé.
Who/What is Poheyemo
103. Luis and Lorenzo Tupatú (from Picurís), Antonio Malacate (Cochití), Francisco El Ollita and Nicolás Jonva (San Ildefonso), Domingo Romero (Tesuque), Antonio Bolsas (Santa Fe), Cristóbal Yope (San Lázaro), Alonzo Catiti (Santo Domingo), El Jaca (or Saca, from Taos), Domingo Naranjo (Santa Clara)...
Who/What are other leaders with Popé
104. walked from Santa Fe to Tesuque to say mass. When he found the warriors in war paint he said “What is this, are you mad? Do not disturb yourselves. I will help you and die a thousand deaths for you.” The warriors riddled him with arrows.
Who/What is Fray Juan Pío
105. This was the motto of the St. Lawrence Day Massacre promoted by Popé.
Who/What is “Death to all Christians!”
106. She and her ten children were all murdered in their home.
Who/What is Petronila de Salas and family
107. These important papers were all were burned by the Pueblos.
Who/What is Spanish Archives in Santa Fe
108. This friar is told he was going to be “knighted;” he is stripped naked, then forced to ride a pig, kicked to the ground by warriors, who then ride on his back. The friar tells them “Do with me as you wish for this joy of yours will not last and in ten years you will consume each other.” Warriors strike him with war clubs until his face is unrecognizable.
Who/What is Fray Juan de Jesús of Jémez
109. Hopi village in which the murderers of the two friars wore Kachina masks while they did their work.
Who/What is Oraibi
110. These two friars and a Christian mestiza are stripped naked then tied together, the woman in the middle. They are paraded around the pueblo while they are whipped. At the entrance of the convent all Acomas are invited to stone the three to death. When they are down and dying the “warriors” lance them time and again until they are dead. Their bloody bodies are dragged around the pueblo once more then thrown into the village garbage pit.
Who/What are Fray Lucas and Fray Juan de Val at Acoma
111. These family members and other villagers at Los Cerrillos hold off their attackers until they are rescued by a squad of soldiers from Santa Fe.
Who/What is Bernabé Márquez
112. Maese de Campo (military Leader) for his district, he is informed that all Christians up north have been slaughtered. At Isleta Pueblo the Christians, including Christian Indians who have an automatic death sentence on them from Popé, vote to leave for El Paso and he leads them south.
Who/What is Alonso García
113. “Your god is dead, the god who was your father is dead and Mary who is your mother and your saints are pieces of rotten wood…”
Who/What is yelled at the Christians holed up in Santa Fe
114. The Franciscan missionaries killed during the St. Lawrence Day Massacre include Juan Bernal, José Espeleta, José Figueroa, Juan de Jesús María, Francisco Lorenzana, Lucas Maldonado, José Montes de Oca, Antonio Mora, Luis Morales, Juan Pedrosa, Juan Bautista Pío, Matías Rendón, Antonio Sánchez, Agustín de Santa María, Juan Talabán, Manuel Tinoco, José Trujillo, Tomás Torres, Juan del Val, Fernando Velasco, Domingo Vera.
Who/What is 21 Franciscan Martyrs
115. The most beautiful church in all NM, is totally destroyed.
Who/What is Pecos Pueblo Church
116. Pope’s toast to Catiti while drinking out of a church chalice after the successful massacre.
Who/What is “To your health, Reverend Father.”
117. Catiti’s returning toast to Popé.
Who/What is “And to yours, Excellency.”
118. Failed in 1681 because the Pueblos, thinking they would be slaughtered in return for the St. Lawrence Day Massacre, desert their villages.
Who/What is Otermín’s effort at reconquest
119. Otermín learns in 1681 that the main Indian leader has been deposed due to his tyrannical rule and excessive demands for grain, livestock, and women.
Who/What is Popé deposed.
120.. Forcing Hispanic settlers to flee to El Paso, part of NM at that time, doesn’t end the drought or food shortages; civil war erupts, Pueblo against Pueblo, in efforts to rule; and mounted Apaches raiders target everybody. Drought continues for nine more years while hunger and pestilence rule Pueblo land.
Who/What is Anarchy in Pueblo land
E. RECONQUEST--J
121. A Pueblo ladino communicates with NM Pueblo leaders, at around 1691, assuring them they will not be exterminated because of the St. Lawrence Day Massacre. He also notifies them that their lands will not be confiscated in reprisal. He takes land grant title papers from Gov. Domingo Jironza Petriz Cruzate to the pueblos of Acoma, Jémez, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Zía, Cochití, Pecos, Picurís, San Juan, and Zuñi.
Who/What is Bartolomé de Ojeda
122. NM’s valiant Governor in 1692 who vowed to return Hispanic settlers to upper NM without exterminating the Indians in the process.
Who/What is Diego de Vargas
123. During the years 1680-1692, this has now proliferated through many Indian groups living in North America, changing their lives like no other European contribution ever did.
Who/What is Spanish Horse
124. In 1692 he leads the first military expedition into upper NM.
Who/What is Capt. Roque de Madrid
125. These two from Picurís Pueblo, important leaders during the 1680 Massacre, are officially pardoned (1692) by Gov. Vargas.
Who/What is Luis and Lorenzo Tupatú
126. This tribute to Vargas’ bloodless reconquest of NM. was written in 1693 by Professor Carlos de Sigüenza and published in Spain.
Who/What is Mercurio Volante
127. Some 800 people return to upper NM starting in 1693. These people are ancestors of most Hispanics who live in NM today.
Who/What is Recolonization of NM
128. Leader of Pecos Pueblo (1694) who became close friends with Governor Vargas. He was assassinated by the Taos people while on a peace mission.
Who/What is Juan de Ye
129. This is writing about the people who populated NM.
Who/What is NM Demography
130. These were individuals who had been born in Spain and came to NM with Vargas.
Who/What is “The Hundred Gentlemen Soldiers from Spain”
131. These were individuals who had been living in the Valley or City of Mexico before they came to NM.
Who/What is Españoles Mexicanos
132. These were the people who had been living in these mining communities before they came to NM
Who/What is Zacatecas-Sombrerete Colonists
133. In time so many New Mexicans were related that they referred to each other as “cousin.”
Who/What is primo / prima
134. This village is refounded in 1695.
Who/What is Santa Cruz
135. Some pueblos, in league with some plains Indians, rise against Hispanic NM but pueblos like Pecos, Tesuque, San Felipe, Santa Ana, and Zía remain loyal.
Who/What is Rebellion of June, 1696
F. FRONTIER LIFE--J
136. She petitions Gov. Vargas for a grant of land in 1696. It is granted.
Who/What is Antonia Moraga
137. Living in Bernalillo in 1697, this Frenchman, who had been with LaSalle, becomes Hispanicized and the progenitor of the Gurulé families.
Who/What is Jacques Grolet
138. This village is created in 1698.
Who/What is Laguna Pueblo
139. This was made to José Trujillo in 1700; the first land grant in the Española Basin.
Who/What is Mesilla of San Ildefonso land grant
140. A grant of land made to one individual.
Who/What is Private Land Grant
141. A grant of land made to a group of people. All members in the grant could use the “common lands” but because they were owned by all. By Hispanic law no individual could sell them or their share of usage in them. Who/What is Community Land Grant
142. This Hispanic village is founded in 1702.
Who/What is Bernallillo
143. This settlement is founded south of present Albuquerque in 1703.
Who/What is Atrisco
144. These people were Apache groups living to the east of Río Grande settlements.
Who/What is Faraón Apaches
145. Governor Diego de Vargas dies on this date.
Who/What is April 8, 1704
146. These were defensive circular towers built to withstand Indian attacks.
Who/What is Torreones
147. These warrior Indians were identified as being in NM by at least 1705. Who/What are Comanches
148. This villa was founded in 1706.
Who/What is Alburquerque
149. This term was used usually to describe a plains Indian (not a Pueblo) living in or around an Hispanic settlement.
Who/What is genízaro
150. Juan de Ulibarrí is assigned in 1706 to escort refugees from Picurís Pueblo back to their village. They had fled to Colorado during the 1696 revolt and it was believed they were being enslaved by Apaches. This humanitarian effort returned them to their village.
Who/What is Picurís Rescue Mission
151. The expedition of 1706 led by Juan de Ulibarrí identified the high peak in southern Colorado and named it. (Now called “Pike’s Peak.”)
Who/What is El Capitán
152. He was a Pueblo Indian leader from Tesuque in 1709.
Who/What is Domingo Romero
153. He was a Pueblo Indian leader from Pecos in 1709.
Who/What is Felipe Chistoe
154. This festival is established on Sept., 1712
Who/What is Santa Fe Fiesta
155. This woman was granted land in Taos Valley, 1715
Who/What is Francisca Gigosa
156. This Hispanic settlement was founded in 1716.
Who/What is Los Lunas
157. Pedro de Villasur is ordered in 1720 to investigate rumors of French incursions aimed at New Mexico. His expedition goes as far as central Nebraska where it is attacked by Indians. About 45 Hispanics die in the attack.
Who/What is Villasur Expedition
158. This painting is thought to be the earliest extant painting drawn in NM (and therefore the USA); it depicts the battle of the Villasur Expedition. Who/What is Segesser Hide Painting
159. By 1723 this trade fair is formally established as the chief trading event for plains and mountain tribes. Comanches are the most important, and volatile, participants.
Who/What is Taos Fair
160. This Hispanic settlement was founded in 1725.
Who/What is Embudo
161. This is a term for racial or ethnic mixing
Who/What is mestizaje
162. He is the Governor’s representative in a Spanish community
Who/What is Alcalde Mayor
163. He is the Lieutenant of the Alcalde Mayor
Who/What is Teniente Alcalde
164. These laws were intended to govern frontier areas like NM. Among other things, they recognize that Christian Indians are an integral part of Hispanic NM.
Who/What is Reglamento de 1729
165. In 1730, Bishop Benito Crespo, in 1737 Bishop Martín de Elizacoechea, in 1760 Bishop Pedro Tamarón.
Who/What is Episcopal Visitations to NM
166. New Mexico’s First native priest (1730) returns to minister in his native land.
Who/What is Santiago Roybal
167. This woman was the owner (1731) of this land grant east of Albuquerque..
Who/What is Elena Gallegos
168. This man was from Santa Cruz, was investigated starting in 1734 by the Inquisition over a period of five years. Because of the investigation, his writings survive to the present day.
Who/What is Miguel de Quintana
169. This settlement is founded in 1739.
Who/What is Tomé
170. In 1739 these two French brothers appear in NM in an effort to establish trade relations.
Who/What is Pierre and Paul Mallet
171. The land grant is made in 1740, settlement is refounded in 1742.
Who/What is Belén
172. This Hispanic settlement is founded in 1748.
Who/What is Córdova
173. These warrior Indians target this eastern pueblo during 1746 to 1748. Governor Codallos and his troops, along with Pueblo defenders, finally defeat (1748) some 300 Comanche attackers who had vowed to wipe the pueblo off the face of the earth.
Who/What are Comanches and Pecos Pueblo
174. Famous for their dependability and honesty, they also become known as “men who never turn their backs on friend or foe.”
Who/What is Arrieros (Mule packers, muleteers; transporters of goods.)
175. This famous santero was born in the Chimayó area around 1749.
Who/What is Antonio Fresquis
176. The village of Velarde was founded in 1750 and named in his honor.
Who/What is Juan Matías Velarde.
177. This ranching activity is NM’s most important industry by 1750.
Who/What is Sheep Ranching
178. These men often rode on horseback and usually employed highly trained sheep dogs.
Who/What is Pastores (Borregueros, Sheep herders)
179. This tough breed of sheep thrived in NM
Who/What is Churro
180. In this business arrangement a sheep owner would lend a specified number of ewes to an individual to care for them for a specified period of time (3 to 5 years). Each year the partidario would pay the owner around 20% of the increase of the flock plus 20% of the yearly wool harvest. At the end of the contract period the partidario would return the original flock to the owner, retaining the increase of animals and his share of the wool.
Who/What is Partido system
181. It is believed that this date was the beginning of the Santero Period of NM folk art .
Who/What is 1750
182. This NM santero was working from 1750-1805
Who/What is18th Century Novice
183. In 1751 the Las Trampas Land grant was awarded to Juan de Argüello and eleven others and became known by this name.
Who/What is “Trampas 12”
184. This entrepreneur was one of New Mexico’s wealthiest traders and sheep kings by his death in 1785.
Who/What is Clemente Gutiérrez
185. He arrived in NM in 1754 and became a recognized santero, cartographer, and military officer.
Who/What is Bernardo Miera y Pacheco
187. These are the life-blood of NM agriculture.
Who/What is Acequias (irrigation ditches)
188. He arrives in the Chimayó area around 1765 and begins the Trujillo family weaving tradition.
Who/What is Diego de Trujillo
189. This land grant was awarded to Juan Pablo Martín in 1766.
Who/What is Polvadera land grant
190. By 1767Utes are to the north, Comanches to the east, Apaches to the south, Navajos to the west.
Who/What is NM Christian settlements surrounded
191. Comanche chieftain, first identified in 1768. He wears a headdress that places a green horn on his forehead and his followers treat him as the undisputed leader. He is the implacable enemy of Pueblo and Hispanic NM.
Who/What is Cuerno Verde
192. She is the wealthiest woman in NM in 1769.
Who/What is Josefa Bustamante
193. In 1771 around 500 mounted Comanches attack this village on the Las Trampas land grant and many farmer-rancher settlers are killed.
Who/What is Comanche raid on El Valle
194. This Indian fighter was commissioned by Governor Mendinueta to retaliate against the Comanches in 1774. His expedition captures hundreds of Comanches.
Who/What is Carlos Fernández
195. This number is the approximate Hispanic population of NM in 1776
Who/What is 9, 742.
196. These Native American youngsters lived in a religious convent and were educated by missionaries to help promote the Christian Faith.
Who/What is Doctrinarios
197. Two Franciscan friars lead this party of nine explorers, one of whom was Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, in an effort to chart a trail to Monterey, California. Starting from Santa Fe, they explore parts of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona before returning home, without reaching Monterrey.
Who/What is Domínguez – Escalante Expedition of 1776
198. This NM santero created art from about 1776 to 1786.
Who/What is Fray Andrés García
199. This cleric wrote his impressions of life in NM in his work titled Account of Disorders in New Mexico, 1778.
Who/What is Fray Juan Agustin de Morfi
200. He arrived in NM in 1778 at the age of 42. He is already an heroic Southwestern personality because of his frontier work in Sonora, Arizona, and California.
Who/What is Juan B. De Anza
201. This Comanche chief wanted to make peace with Anza and NM.
Who/What is Chief Ecueracapa (Leather Cape)
202. This Comanche chief wanted to continue the war with NM.
Who/What is Chief Toroblanco
203. This Hispano/Amerindian agreement lasted from 1786-1846 and into the Territorial years. The alliance is second in importance only to that with the Pueblo people.
Who/What is Comanche Peace
204. They are described by Hispanic writers as “robust, good looking, and happy; of a martial, honest, and generous character.”
Who/What is Comanche people
205. These Hispanic and Pueblo New Mexicans were master plainsmen who went east to trade with the Comanches, Utes, Kiowas, Cheyenne.
Who/What is Comancheros
206. This became “big business” once the Comanche Peace was established. NM trade items included Comanche bread, cornmeal, wheat flour, sugar, dried pumpkins, onions, tobacco, barley meal, saddlery, dry goods, lances, tomahawks. In return, Amerindians traded buffalo meat, hides, horses, mules, and guns.
Who/What is Comanchero Trade
207. She was a Comanche captive ransomed to freedom by Comanchero traders.
Who/What is Sarah Ann Horn
208. Given to recognized Indian leaders, these were silver headed canes, silver medals, scarlet cloaks.
Who/What is Symbols of authority
209. This is the Spanish word for “musket”
Who/What is Escopeta
210. This is the Spanish word for “carbine,” an early model of a rifle
Who/What is Carabina
211. This greatest of equestrians was an Hispano buffalo lancer
Who/What is Cibolero
212. He was the greatest trailblazer in the history of the Southwest.
Who/What is Pedro Vial
213. He duplicated Vial’s feat (1787), only in reverse, from Santa Fe to San Antonio.
Who/What is José Mares
214. In this year about 93% of New Mexicans held no servants or slaves.
Who/What is NM society in 1790
215. There are some 16, 358 Hispanics living in NM in this year.
Who/What is Population of NM in 1790
216. This santero is thought to have arrived in NM around 1790. He works here for some ten years.
Who/What is Laguna Santero
217. This santero is creating santero art from 1790 to 1830.
Who/What is Pedro Antonio Fresquis
218. This warrior leader (1791) is from Isleta Pueblo.
Who/What is Captain Taschelnate
219. This NM leader-to-be was born (1793) in Abiquiú.
Who/What is Antonio José (Father) Martínez
220. This land grant was awarded in 1794 to Lorenzo Márquez and 51 other heads of families.
Who/What is San Miguel del Bado land grant
221. This famous “patrón” was born (1794) in Córdova.
Who/What is Pedro Córdova
222. This northern NM land grant was made in 1796.
Who/What is Don Fernández de Taos land grant
223. Defending the frontier has taken its toll on the male population of NM. By 1796 this group outnumbers Hispanic men by a ratio of 10 to 8.
Who/What is Hispanic Women
224. This famous santero is born in 1796 in Santa Fe.
Who/What is J. Rafael Aragón
225. This pioneer sheep rancher of NM and AZ imported purebred Merinos into NM.
Who/What is Juan Candelaria
226. Living in NM are 23,648 Hispanics (includes those in El Paso) and around 10,557 (presumably Pueblo) Indians.
Who/What is Population of NM in 1799
227. In 1800 he discovers a fabulous deposit of copper that comes to be known as the Santa Rita Mine.
Who/What is J. Manuel Carrasco
228. This western NM land grant is awarded (1800) to 30 families from the Atrisco-Albuquerque area.
Who/What is Cebolleta (Seboyeta) land grant
229. This art form has been described as “a truly rare, indigenous art form” with no precedents in the rest of the USA.
Who/What is Santero Art
230. This famous jeweler is born (1802) in Taos, the first of the five-generation Luna family tradition of filigree jewelers.
Who/What is Rafael Luna
231 This governor stated in an 1803 report that “NM isn’t poor as it is generally represented.”
Who/What is. Gov. Chacón
232. In 1804 at least a thousand Navajos attack the 30 families living in this western NM village. After many heroics, the attack is repulsed.
Who/What is Cebolleta (Seboyeta)
233. This Frenchman arrives (1804) in Santa Fe with trade goods. He is jailed immediately because he had no authority for trading.
Who/What is Jean Batiste Lalande
234. This procedure against smallpox is introduced in NM in 1805.
Who/What is Vaccination
235. This Kentuckian arrives (1805) in Santa Fe with trade goods. He is jailed immediately.
Who/What is James Purcell
236. This land grant is awarded (1806) to Francisco Salazar and some 30 heads of families.
Who/What is Cañon del Río de Chama (San Joaquín land grant)
237. This American officer leads a spy expedition (1807) into NM in order supply President Jefferson with information on possible American expansion into the Southwest.
Who/What is Zebulon M. Pike
238. These master weavers from Mexico City arrive (1807) in Santa Fe to work with NM weavers.
Who/What is Bazán brothers Juan and Ignacio Ricardo
239. This place was the starting point for the trade caravans going to Chihuahua and points south.
Who/What is La Joya de Sevilleta
240. This Navajo leader of the Tótsohnii clan was born in 1807. He grows up speaking Navajo and Spanish learned from New Mexican captives.
Who/What is Cebolla, Antonio Sandoval
241. This master horseman was a wild horse cowboy, a mustanger.
Who/What is Mesteñero
242. This referred to money used to pay for masses in honor of mustangers who have died.
Who/What is(The Lariat bond of Souls) El Lazo de las Animas
243. These two brothers from Las Vegas, NM, were the most famous mesteñeros (mustangers) on the Great Plains.
Who/What is Trujillo brothers Pedro and Celedón
244. This master horseman was a renowned mustanger who made mustanging appear to be a simple frontier sport.
Who/What is Teodoro Gonzáles
245. This chapel built in 1814-16 becomes known as the “Lourdes of America.”
Who/What is Santuario de Chimayó
246. This village between Belén and Socorro was founded in 1811
Who/What is La Joya
245. This was written by Pedro Bautista Pino and published (1812) in Spain; it describes life in NM; warns that the USA would like to take NM.
Who/What is "Brief Exposition on the Province of New Mexico (Exposición sucinta y sencilla de la provincia del Nuevo Mexico)
246. This mountain man born (ca. 1812) in Taos.
Who/What is Mariano Medina
247. This future priest and NM leader was born (1815) in Abiquiú.
Who/What is(Fr.) José Manuel Gallegos
248. This village southeast of Albuquerque is founded in 1816.
Who/What is Manzano
249. He was the leading American fur trader working (1816) out of St. Louis.
Who/What is Manuel Lisa
250. This great NM frontiersman was born (1818) at Atrisco.
Who/What is Manuel Antonio Chaves
251. This santero, known only by his initials, is working from 1820-1840.
Who/What is “A.J.”
252. This famous santero was working from 1820-1835.
Who/What is José Aragón
253. On this date Mexico wins its independence from Spain. As of this date, New Mexico is a part of Mexico.
Who/What is September 27, 1821
254. These men like Kit Carson are written about in the USA.
Who/What is “Mountain Men”
255. This legal document recognizes (1821) all Indians as citizens of Mexico. The designation of “genízaro” is officially dropped.
Who/What is Treaty of Córdova
256. This land grant is made in 1821 to M. Luis Baca and his seventeen (17) sons.
Who/What is Town of Las Vegas land grant
257. Because another “Town of Las Vegas grant” is made in 1835, the Baca family uncomplicates matters by taking an equivalent amount of land in five lieu selections which become known by this phrase.
Who/What is “Baca Locations”
258. From 1821 to 1846 there are ninety (90) of these men who are baptized in order to marry NM women.
Who/What is “Foreigners” in NM
259. He is the first native born New Mexican to serve (1822) as Governor.
Who/What is Francisco X. de Chávez
260. These are lifted (1822) and American traders are permitted to enter NM.
Who/What is “Trade restrictions”
261. This wandering Missouri Frenchman was guided into Santa Fe with trade goods in 1822.
Who/What is William Becknell
262. This engaging French-Canadian came to NM in 1823, settled in Taos, traded with the mountain men.
Who/What is Carlos Beaubien
263. He was an Indian fighter and also Governor of NM in 1822-23.
Who/What is J. Antonio Viscarra
264. This is the official name for the Penitente Brotherhood.
Who/What is Brothers of Our Father Jesus
265. This is the name for the Penitente meeting hall.
Who/What is Morada
266. This is Spanish for “Elder Brother.”
Who/What is Hermano Mayor
267. This is Spanish for “wake.”
Who/What is Velorio
268. This is Spanish for Lent.
Who/What is La Cuaresma
269. This is Spanish for Holy Week
Who/What is Semana Santa
270. This is a Penitente religious hymn.
Who/What is Alabado
271. These NM animals were traded to Missouri and the Southern states.
Who/What is “Missouri Mules”
272. This Chihuahua merchant led (1824) a Santa Fe business delegation to various parts of the Mississippi Valley in an effort to encourage trade with NM and Chihuahua.
Who/What is José Escudero
273. This very tall Frenchman from Missouri arrived in Taos in 1625.
Who/What is Ceran St. Vrain
274. He led a trading mission to Missouri (1825) with a pack train of 500 mules loaded with trade goods. He became the west-to-east “Father of the Santa Fe Trade.”
Who/What is Manuel Simon Escudero
275. This santero was working in northern NM from around 1825-50.
Who/What is Arroyo Hondo Santero
276. He arrives in NM in 1826, settled in Taos, and later became famous.
Who/What is Christopher “Kit” Carson
277. This famous priest was installed as the Pastor of Taos in 1826.
Who/What is Padre Martínez
278. These men, mostly American and French, use Taos as their base of operations.
Who/What is Fur Trappers
279. Despite the NM law to protect them, these animals were trapped to extinction by the mountain men.
Who/What is Beaver
280. He served as Governor of NM three different times.
Who/What is Manuel Armijo
281. He hated Gov. Armijo because as a member of the invading Texas-Santa Fe Expedition (1841) Armijo’s forces captured him and the Texans, forced the invaders to walk to Mexico City.
Who/What is George Kendall
282. This author of Commerce of the Prairies hated Gov. Armijo because Gregg considered “Mexicans” to be inferior people.
Who/What is Josiah Gregg
283. This first U.S. Attorney in NM, author of El Gringo, or New Mexico and Her People, wrote that New Mexicans like Gov. Armijo were inferior to “Anglo-Saxons,” who were superior to all other people.
Who/What is. W.W.H. Davis
284. This has been described as debt that never ends. American writers often referred to it as “slavery,” rationalizing that black slaves in the American South were better off.
Who/What is Debt peonage
285. These gold mines are discovered (1828) in the Ortiz Mts. southeast of Santa Fe.
Who/What is Placer de Dolores
286. American soldiers assigned to protect caravans on the Santa Fe Trail are at a disadvantage because they are on foot while raiders are on horseback. Washington authorities finally give permission to use horses and this branch of the Army is born in 1829.
Who/What is U.S. Cavalry
287.. Antonio Armijo from Abiquiu leads a trading expedition (1829-30) to California, pioneering this westward route along the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. Despite desert hardships, the expedition is successful and the journey becomes a yearly event in which wives and children often accompany the traders.
Who/What is Old Spanish Trail(s)
288. Cibolero hunters form their wagons into this formation when threatened by hostile Indians.
Who/What is “Circle the wagons!”
289. This santero is working from 1830-50.
Who/What is Quill Pen Santero
290. This santero is working from 1830-60.
Who/What is Santo Niño Santero
290. This young man from Santa Fe is among the first (1831).students to go to school in Missouri
Who/What is Nepomuceno Alario
292. This treaty is signed (1831) between Mexico and the USA, with the USA designated as a “most favored nation.”
Who/What is Treaty of Amity and Commerce
294. This report is written by visiting attorney Antonio Barreiro, the only lawyer in NM.
Who/What is Ojeada sobre Nuevo Mexico (A Glimpse at New Mexico)
295. This land grant is made (1832) to Manuel Martínez as “principal petitioner.”
Who/What is Tierra Amarilla land grant
296. This fortress/trading house is completed (1832) in southern Colorado.
Who/What is Bent’s Fort
297. This was the basis for the Spanish legal system used in NM. It aims at conciliation instead of a winner-loser outcome.
Who/What is Customary Law
299. This sheep king from Los Padillas sends 30,000 head of sheep to Durango, Mexico in 1832. (This is the largest shipment of the Mexican period of NM history.)
Who/What is Mariano Chaves y Castillo
300. This future NM leader is born (1833) in Los Padillas.
Who/What is J. Francisco Chaves
301. This western NM settlement is founded in 1833.
Who/What is Cubero
302. This bishop visits NM in 1833.
Who/What is Bishop J. Antonio López de Zubiría
303. This famous NM personality, also author of an autobiography, is born in 1833.
Who/What is Rafael Chacón
304. Ramon Abreú of Santa Fe brings (1833) the first item of its kind to NM.
Who/What is Printing press
305. First (1834) newspaper published in NM (and first east of the Mississippi); is published by Antonio Barreiro.
Who/What is El Crepúsculo de la Libertad (The Dawn of Liberty)
306. He is born (1835) at Los Padillas and later during his business career he becomes known as “El Millionario.”
Who/What is Felipe Chávez
307. This was the first book to be printed in NM, a spelling primer published by Fr. Martínez of Taos.
Who/What is Cuaderno de Ortografía
308. This was the governmental designation (1837) for NM while under Mexico.
Who/What is Department of New Mexico
309. He was a solitary horseman known as an “extraordinario violento,” employed (1837) to take mail to and bring it from Mexico.
Who/What is Pony Express
310. Some of these men are highly cultured while others are shameless smugglers; their teamsters are often rowdy frontier types, always armed, often drunk, troublesome at dances and public gatherings.
Who/What is American traders in Santa Fe
311. This begins as a protest against new taxes but soon an army gathers to fight the forces of Governor Pérez. Pérez is killed in the vicinity of Agua Fria road in Santa Fe. An army from the south elects Manuel Armijo to lead forces to put down the rebellion, which he does.
Who/What is Revolt of 1837
312. Considered “the belle of NM,” she married Manuel Armijo.
Who/What is Trinidad Gabaldón
313. This pueblo is finally abandoned (1838), the few remaining people moving to Jémez Pueblo.
Who/What is Pecos Pueblo
314. He is among the NM traders’ caravan (1839) of more than 100 wagons full of trade goods for sale in the USA.
Who/What is José Cordero
315. He travels to NM in 1839 and writes articles about the land and people. The articles are published in the New Orleans Picayune.
Who/What is Matt Field
316. These manufactured goods are of three types sabanilla—a plain weave wool cloth used in clothing, mattresses, backing, etc.; jerga—a coarsely woven cloth used for saddle blankets, floor coverings, etc.; Río Grande blankets—used for bedding, seating, etc.
Who/What is NM textiles
317. President Lamar of Texas outfits this group of some 300 men to claim the Texas boundary to the Río Grande river.
Who/What is Texan-Santa Fe Expedition of 1841
318. This is how the invading Texans of 1841 referred to themselves.
Who/What is “Texian Invincibles”
319. This editor of the New Orleans Picayune newspaper was among the Texas invaders captured in 1841. In his account of the episode, Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1844) he vilified Gov. Armijo and most things about NM.
Who/What is George W. Kendall
320. This huge tract of land east of the Sangre de Cristo mountains was made in 1841 to two individuals as a grant of land.
Who/What is Beaubien-Miranda land grant
321. At first called San Antonio, this village is founded in 1842.
Who/What is Cuesta
322. This individual born in 1842 becomes an accomplished tinsmith, santero, and musician.
Who/What is Higinio V. Gonzales
323. These groups of marauders led by Col. Charles A. Warfield, John M. McDaniel, and Col. Jacob Snively are sent from Texas to steal from Santa Fe Trail caravans.
Who/What is Texas Bandits on the Santa Fe Trail
324. These two Taos personalities marry in 1843. The bride is 15 years old.
Who/What are Kit Carson and Josefa Jaramillo
325. This NM governor states in 1844: “We are surrounded on all sides…by many tribes of heartless barbarians, almost perishing; and our brothers in Mexico instead of helping us are at each other’s throats in their festering civil wars.”
Who/What is Gov. Mariano Chávez
326. This company is a New York importer of European items sent along the Santa Fe Trail.
Who/What is Peter Harmony, Nephews and Co.
327. This book by Josiah Gregg is widely read (1844) in the USA, causing various negative impressions to be formed about the people of NM.
Who/What is Commerce of the Prairies
328. This couple marries in 1844. She is the daughter of Carlos Beaubien, owner of the huge land grant which carries his name.
Who/What is Lucien B. Maxwell and Luz Beaubien
329. These vary from three pesos to six pesos a month in 1844.
Who/What is Wages
330. This is a skill valued above all else by NM males. New Mexicans are among the best in the world.
Who/What is Horsemanship
331. As of 1844 women can own land in which husbands have no voice if acquired before marriage; they have legal rights in court, have a powerful status as mothers, outnumber men in settled communities. This is a stark contrast to the women of England and the USA.
Who/What is Status of Women in NM
332. These are men and women who can improvise rhymed verse, are popular throughout N.M., especially at social gatherings.
Who/What is Trobadores (Extemporaneous Poets)
333. New Mexicans are extremely talented in this activity which is a typical way to celebrate something in NM and is the most popular of social events.
Who/What is Dance
334. This is part of the extended family chain in the Hispano community. It includes padrinos (godparents), parents and godparents thereafter referring to each other as “Compadre” or “Comadre.”
Who/What is Compadrazgo
335. He is a worker, a yeoman, and also a tradition of mutual assistance during peak labor periods like cutting and bailing alfalfa, shearing of sheep, harvest time.
Who/What is Peón (peonada)
336. He is a Ute chieftain in 1844.
Who/What is Panasiyave
337. There are some 65,000 people here in 1846.
Who/What is NM Population in 1846
338. This American businessman bribed Col. Archuleta to withdraw his detachment of Army regulars when the American army invaded NM. Archuleta was also promised that the USA wanted the land only to the Río Grande river as claimed by Texas.
Who/What is James W. Magoffin
339. He is the leader of the invading American army. Upon entering Las Vegas, NM, he tells the people “We come among you for your benefit, not for your injury.” Kearny enters Santa Fe without firing a shot. He tells the people of Santa Fe that all of NM is now American territory and that they are now American citizens, that any New Mexican fighting against his forces will be executed for treason against the USA.
Who/What is General Stephen W. Kearny
340. This set of laws was also known as the Organic Law of the Territory of NM.
Who/What is Kearny Code
H. AMERICAN OCCUPATION--J
341. He is appointed (1846) by Gen. Kearny as Governor of NM.
Who/What is Charles Bent
342. She is one of the first (1846) American women in NM. She kept a diary which has been published under the title Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico.
Who/What is Susan Magoffin
343. This is built (1846) near Santa Fe, the first American military post in the Southwest.
Who/What is Fort Marcy
344. He is one of the first Jews in NM (1846). He started a family business in Santa Fe and went on to be a highly successful merchant as well as a pillar of the community.
Who/What is Solomon Jacob Spiegelberg
346. Col. Sterling Price is advised that this frontiersman is a “dangerous” fighter so Price has him jailed on charges of treason against the USA.
Who/What is Manuel A. Chaves
345. In an effort to combat American aggression, Governor Charles Bent and others are murdered by rebels intent on throwing out the American government.
Who/What is Revolt of 1847
348. This priest from El Paso is selected by the Mexican government to help New Mexicans move to Mexican territory if they wish. So many people express the desire to escape American severities (1848-49) that American authorities finally prevent him from completing his duties.
Who/What is Fr. Ramon Ortiz
346. This village is settled (1849) by Carlos Beaubien, owner of the Sangre de Cristo land grant.
Who/What is Costilla
347. He was an Apache chief whose daughter was captured (1849) and later shot by Army personnel.
Who/What is Lobo Blanco
348. This Santa Fe newspaper is being published (1849) regularly.
Who/What is The New Mexican
348. The first of its kind, it was established in 1849 in Santa Fe.
Who/What is First American Post Office
349. There are 16 of these in NM in 1850.
Who/What is Native Clergymen
350. Congress refuses to allow NM to become a State in the Union, giving it this status (1850) instead.
Who/What is New Mexico Territory
351. This was a report (1850) written by Col G.A. McCall.
Who/What is Report on Conditions in New Mexico
352. Various prominent (1850) NM families like the Otero, Perea, Yrizarri, Armijo, Chávez, Luna, Baca, González, Barela, etc. clans are deeply involved in commercial activities.
Who/What is Hispano Merchants
353. This band of men (1850-60) from Cebolleta in western NM who could be hired to kidnap a young Navajo to be given as a bridal gift to newlyweds.
Who/What is Cebolleteños
354. First founded as La Placita in southeastern NM it was later renamed for a President.
Who/What is “Lincoln”
355. He built El Torreón, La Placita’s lookout tower, for protection against hostile Indians.
Who/What is Andricus Trujillo
356. Now in southern Colorado, this village was founded (1851) by families from Taos and Mora.
Who/What is San Luis
357. These two French priests arrive (1851) in NM.
Who/What is Lamy and Machebeuf
358. This sermon was delivered (1852) by Lamy during the Christmas season.
Who/What is Christmas Pastoral Letter
359. The Sisters of Loretto, brought to NM by Bishop Lamy, found (1852) this school for girls.
Who/What is La Academia de Nuestra Señora de la Luz
360. This American Indian Agent (1852) for NM writes that there are some 92,000 Indians in NM Territory and Army troops are worthless when it comes to catching hostile Indians.
Who/What is John Greiner
361. This establishes the boundary between Mexico and southern NM/Arizona.
Who/What is Gadsden Treaty of 1853
362. This book is written by W.W.H. Davis, the first U.S. Attorney in NM and the first American attorney to be charged with embezzlement. His book is generally critical of New Mexicans and laudatory of the “Anglo-Saxon” from the USA whom he considers to be superior to every other race of people.
Who/What is El Gringo, or New Mexico and her People
363. He is the first (1854) Surveyor General in NM.
Who/What is William Pelham
364. This Indian Agent (1854) for NM reports concerning the “uncivilized” Indians “All that can be expected from an enlightened and Christian government, such as ours, is to graduate and smooth the passway for their final exit from the stage of human existence…”
Who/What is E.A. Graves
365. Though they had voting rights under Mexico, Pueblo people are henceforth (1854) denied this basic right.
Who/What is Pueblo Suffrage
366. This northern NM village founded was founded in 1854.
Who/What is Chama
367. In 1855 this was valued at $5,000,000.
Who/What is Commerce on Santa Fe Trail
368. After constant pressure from American authorities, the civil rights of these people are restricted (1856) according to American custom.
Who/What is African Americans in NM
369. Col. W. W. Loring leads this expedition against fierce bands of Mogollon, Gila, and Coyotero Apaches. Manuel A. Chaves is selected as “Chief of Scouts,” a group comprised of native New Mexicans.
Who/What is Gila Expedition of 1857
370. In 1857 this Surveyor General charges that “Congress refuses to take any action on land titles in NM.”
Who/What is William Pelham
371. Often referred to as JBO, this santero is born in 1858.
Who/What is José Benito Ortega
372. This racist law is enacted in NM, legalizing American style black slavery.
Who/What is Slave Code Act of 1859
373. Plaza de los Leónes was founded in 1859 but is now called by a different name.
Who/What is Walsenburg,
374. These two get into a land boundary dispute (1859) concerning private land and that of the Guadalupe Chapel owned by the Church.
Who/What are Manuel A. Chaves and Bishop Lamy
375. This famous potter was born in Arizona but her family becomes famous as NM potters.
Who/What is Nampeyo
376. This village is founded (1860) by Felipe Baca from Guadalupita.
Who/What is Trinidad
377. This Jewish celebration was the first (1860) of its kind in NM; it was celebrated at the home of Levi Spiegelberg.
Who/What is First Yom Kippur
378. Known as El Millionario, he moves (1860) from Los Padillas to Belen and begins a phenomenal business career.
Who/What is Felipe Chávez
379. This begins to surface as of 1861. Many New Mexicans come to believe that the Government is actually trying to swindle them out of their lands.
Who/What is Land Grant Chicanery
380. This racist law was repealed upon the outbreak of the Civil War in
1861.
Who/What is Slave Code Act of 1859
Military officers like Fauntleroy, Loring, Sibley, etc., enlist in the Confederate Army.
381. This was Gov. (1861-66) Connelly’s description of New Mexicans because, while under the American flag only since 1846, some 3,500 New Mexicans, out of a total population of some 50,000, fought for the Union against the Confederacy.
Who/What is “So Patriotic in Nature”
382. This Confederate general led Southern troops into NM during the Civil War.
Who/What is Gen. H.H. Sibley
383. Under this law a citizen may file for 160 acres of land which will be his upon completion of requirements.
Who/What is Homestead Act of 1862
384. This village is founded (1862) by families from Cebolleta (Seboyeta).
Who/What is San Mateo
385. This Civil War battle (1862) was a Confederate victory.
Who/What is Battle of Valverde
386. This was raised in Santa Fe when Union troops withdrew to Ft. Union and Confederate forces took (1862) the town without firing a shot.
Who/What is Confederate flag
387. While opposing forces were fighting (1862) this battle, NM frontiersman Manuel A. Chaves leads Colorado troops behind Confederate lines, enabling them to destroy the Confederates’ supply and ammunition train, forcing the withdrawal of the Confederate army from NM.
Who/What is Battle of Glorieta Pass
388. These 2400 soldiers under Gen. James Carleton arrived in NM in 1862 with orders to preserve NM for the Union.
Who/What is California Column
389. This was the death camp to which all Navajos were forced to relocate from their native lands. Kit Carson was in charge of rounding up (1863-64) the Navajo Nation and forcing it on the death march.
Who/What is Bosque Redondo
390. This Italian who preferred living alone arrived in 1863 in NM.
Who/What is Giovanni M. Agostini (The Hermit)
391. This politician from Missouri arrived in NM in 1863.
Who/What is Stephen B. Elkins
392. This village is founded south of Belén in 1864.
Who/What is San Marcial
394. He was called “Prince of Comancheros” because he traded the most heavily with plains Indians.
Who/What is José Tafoya;
395. They came to NM in 1865. They were Vincent O’Keefe, Catherine Mallon, Theodosia Farn, Pauline Leo.
Who/What are Sisters of Charity
396. This renowned personality was born (1865) in Socorro.
Who/What is Elfego Baca
397. She was the wife of a Lieutenant at Ft. Bascom. She wrote about her experiences on the NM frontier.
Who/What is Marian Russell
398. They are African American soldiers in the US Cavalry serving in the Southwest. Some 4,000 black soldiers are involved in the Indian wars in and around NM and it is said Indians gave them this name.
Who/What are “Buffalo Soldiers”
399. Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving blaze a new cattle trail (1866) across the lower Pecos area of NM. It becomes a popular route for cattle drives from Texas and NM to markets in Colorado and Wyoming.
Who/What is Goodnight-Loving Trail
400. This politician from Missouri arrives in NM in 1866.
Who/What is Thomas B. Catron
401. This Texan arrived in 1867 in NM and became one of the cattle barons of the West.
Who/What is John Chisum
402. From Italy, this clergyman arrives (1867) in NM to lead the Jesuit missions. He establishes and edits La Revista Católica, the beginning of the Catholic Press in the state.
Who/What is Rev. Donato M. Gaspari
403. This area is created in 1868 and ultimately contains some 15,000,000 acres in NM, Az., Utah.
Who/What is Navajo Reservation
404. He is from Córdova and becomes a renowned Comanchero and plainsman.
Who/What is Vicente Romero
405. Known as “Capitán Vigil,” he is from Cundiyó and a renowned frontiersman, plainsman, and Comanchero.
Who/What is José Antonio Vigil
406. This Comanche Chieftain fought Capitán Vigil on the plains.
Who/What is Capitán Corona
407. This Territorial governor (1869-71) tried to destroy the NM Archives by throwing them out in the street.
Who/What is Gov. William A. Pile
408. Enlisted in NM, this soldier received the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1870 for bravery in action while fighting the Apaches.
Who/What is Francis Oliver
409. These two bands of Comanches go to Ft. Bascom (1869) and ask for reservation lands in NM in order to be able to trade with their Hispano NM friends. Chief Mow-way is one of the Comanche leaders. The request is refused and the Comanches are forced to live in Oklahoma.
Who/What is Kwahadis and Kotsotekas
410. This business man arrives (ca. 1870) in NM from Hanover, Germany.
Who/What is John Becker
411. He has been described as “The largest individual land holder in the USA”
Who/What is T.B. Catron.
412. This tinsmith artist from Mora is producing artworks from 1870-90.
Who/What is Mora Octagonal Tinsmith
413. This group of northern NM tinsmiths are producing items from ca. 1870-95..
Who/What is Río Arriba Workshop
414. This future Amerindian leader is born (1871) at Isleta Pueblo.
Who/What is Pablo Abeita
415. This Texas rancher led (July to December, 1872) an armed force into NM to reclaim cattle he said had been stolen in Texas.
Who/What is John Hittson
416. These legendary stairs were built (ca. 1873) with two complete 360 degree turns, without a center post, in the Loretto Chapel in Santa Fe.
Who/What is Spiral Staircase
417. This future soldier and writer is born (1873) in Santa Fe.
Who/What is Felipe M. Chacón
418. In 1873 this bloody affair involved the family of Ben Horrell, who was killed in a gunfight. Other family members from Texas seek revenge and target “Mexicans,” shooting them down in cold blood. They returned to Texas but left a vile heritage of ethnic hatred for southeastern NM.
Who/What is Horrell War
419. He buys out his partner (1874) and goes on to create the largest mercantile firm in NM.
Who/What is Charles Ilfeld
420. The Federal Government (1874) doesn’t comply with its promises of supplies for the Comanches and Kiowas.
Who/What is “Broken Promises”
421. He enlisted in the Army in NM and receives the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1875 for gallantry in action near Turret Mountain, Arizona.
Who/What is Eben Stanley
422. In 1875 he is consecrated as Archbishop of Santa Fe.
Who/What is Jean B. Lamy
423. Sometimes referred to as the “Small Scallop Tinsmith,” he is producing tinwork from 1875-1915.
Who/What is José María Apodaca
424. She arrives in NM in 1875. The wife of Willie Spiegelberg, she makes her home a social center for various well known personalities of the day.
Who/What is Flora Langermann Spiegelberg
425. They are the last Comanches to surrender (1875) to the Army. They had asked for land in NM but many chiefs are sent to prison in Florida and the people aren’t permitted to live in NM.
Who/What is Kwahadi Comanches
426. This Methodist-Episcopal minister is murdered in 1875. People from Colfax county charge that his murder was ordered by the Santa Fe Ring.
Who/What is Reverend F.J. Tolby
427. This was an informal association of lawyers, judges, politicians, newspaper editors, business men, etc. who controlled virtually every aspect NM Territorial life for their own gain.
Who/What is Santa Fe Ring
428. Opposing forces fight (1875-78) for control of the economic life of Lincoln County. Billy the Kid is a participant.
Who/What is Lincoln County War
429. They are from the Belén/Los Lunas area villages and are producing tin art from the years 1875-1900.
Who/What is Río Abajo Tinsmiths
430. This village is founded (1876) by William and Simeon Hendrickson, two gold prospectors from Colorado.
Who/What is Farmington
431. Young Alfred Grunsfeld is inducted into manhood (1876) with this Jewish ceremony held in Santa Fe..
Who/What is First bar mitzvah in Santa Fe.
432. Delegate to Congress S.B Elkins congratulates a speaker who has just delivered an anti-slavery speech in Congress and Southerners are said to vote against NM statehood in retaliation for this act.
Who/What is “Elkins Handshake of 1876”
433. The Territorial Legislature enacts (1876) this law wherein a court can require that a jointly owned land grant can be divided among it owners or sold to pay attorneys and/or court fees, when requested by only one owner.
Who/What is Partition Statute
434. This popular Indian personality is born (1877) at San Juan Pueblo.
Who/What is Sotero Ortiz
435. From Peñasco, this young man joins a cibolero hunt in 1877. The hunters are out on the plains harvesting buffalo for three months.
Who/What is Manuel Jesús Vásquez
436. This school opens (1877) its doors in Las Vegas. All students are welcome regardless of religious affiliation.
Who/What is Jesuit College
437. He was born in New York; entered Army at Ft. Sumner, displayed such valor against hostile Indians in Montana (1877) that he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1884.
Who/What is Robert McDonald
438. This line reaches Las Vegas in 1879.
Who/What is Atchison Topeka and the Santa Fe Railroad
439. He founds (1879) La Estrella de Mora newspaper.
Who/What is Severino Trujillo
440. He is a feared Apache raider in the years 1879-83.
Who/What is Victorio
441. From Switzerland, he is doing archaeological work (1880-86) in the Frijoles Canyon ruins.
Who/What is Adolph Bandelier
442. This grouping include Juan Ramón Velásquez, Juan Miguel Herrera, and others known only by their work such as Carver of the Muscular Torso Crucifixes, Master of the Penitente Cristos, Abiquiú Morada Santero.
Who/What is Penitente Santeros
443. Thought to be NM’s first novelist, he is the author (1881) of La historia de un caminante, o sea, Gervacio y Aurora.
Who/What is Manuel Salazar
444. This series of articles are published (1882) by Pat Garrett, said to be ghosted in part by Ash Upson, in the Santa Fe New Mexican newspaper.
Who/What is The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid
445. This is rampant (1880s) in NM, especially where land grants are concerned, but also with laws like the Homestead Act, Desert Land Act, etc.
Who/What is Land Fraud
446. This area is established (1883) with 474,240 acres in the Ruidoso area.
Who/What is Mescalero Apache Reservation
447. This future leader of the Penitente Brotherhood is born (1883) at San Miguel.
Who/What is Miguel Archibeque
448. This politician from Kentucky arrives (1883) in NM.
Who/What is Albert B. Fall
449. Elfego Baca single-handedly fights (1884) some 80-84 cowboys for some thirty-three hours.
Who/What is “Greatest Gun Fight in the West”
450. This Río Abajo artist is producing (1885-1920) distinctive tinwork. It is unknown where he works or if he is Hispanic or Native American.
Who/What is Isleta Tinsmith
451. This is the first (1886) synagogue in NM, built in Las Vegas.
Who/What is Temple Montefiore
452. Enacted in 1887, this was an effort to get NM Indian land into individual Indian ownership. Each Indian would get title to 160 acres of land. “Surplus land” would revert to the Government which then intended to sell it to “settlers.”
Who/What is Dawes Allotment Act
453. This was an article by Surveyor General George Julian published (1887) in the North American Review. Julian condemns people like those in the Santa Fe Ring for usurping land because he believes the Government should own it.
Who/What is “Land Stealing in New Mexico”
454. A wine maker from France, he arrives in NM in 1888.
Who/What is Adolf Didier
455. Originally from Germany, he is elected Governor by the people of Acoma Pueblo.
Who/What is Solomon Bibo
456. A French priest, he arrives (1888) in Tomé and becomes famous for his ministry there.
Who/What is Fr. Juan B. Railliere
457. He founds (1888) the La Voz del Pueblo newspaper.
Who/What is Nestor Montoya
458. The Herrera brothers Juan, Pablo, Nicanor, organize this group in Las Vegas to combat the swindle of grant lands.
Who/What is “Gorras Blancas” White Caps
459. From Santa Clara Pueblo, she is designing and creating (1890s) beautiful pottery.
Who/What is Ta-Key-Sane
460. Gov. Bradford Prince is credited with coining this phrase describing NM.
Who/What is “Sunshine State”
461. Founded (ca.1890) by J.M. Hilario Alaríd, it becomes one of the most famous bands in NM.
Who/What is“La Banda Lírica”
462. This law makes English the language of instruction in all public schools.
Who/What is Public Education Law of 1890
463. He is producing (1890-1920) tinworks in southern NM. He is the only identified tinwork originating in southern NM.
Who/What is Mesilla Combed Paint Tinsmith
464. This school is founded (1891) in Roswell.
Who/What is New Mexico Military Institute
465. This newspaper was founded (1891) by Camilo Padilla in Mora.
Who/What is El Mosquito
466. This book was published in 1891 by Charles F. Lummis.
Who/What is A New Mexico David and Other Stories
467. This newspaper was founded (1891) by attorney Manuel C. De Baca.
Who/What is El Sol De Mayo
468. This newspaper was founded (1892) by José Escobar.
Who/What is El Combate
469. This land court was operating from 1891-1904 in an effort to settle disputed land titles in NM, Az, Co., Wyo., Nev., and Utah.
Who/What is Court of Private Land Claims
470. This famous NM writer publishes (1892) two novels El hijo de la Tempestad and Tras la tormenta la calma.
Who/What is Eusebio Chacón
471. This was the independent way of life led by NM farm and ranch people.
Who/What is “Ranchero Lifestyle”
472. He was a gangster from Las Vegas, NM.
Who/What is Vicente Silva
473. This newspaper organization is created (1892) with Victor L. Ochoa as its first president.
Who/What is Hispano-American Press Association
474. This female teacher and writer is born in 1893.
Who/What is Aurora Lucero
475. X.X.X. was the alias used by this NM writer. Two assassination attempts were made on his life because of his writings.
Who/What is Luis Tafoya
476. Journalists from NM, Co., and Texas met to elect officers in 1893.
Who/What is La Prensa Asociada Hispano Americana – The Hispanic American Associated Press
477. In this trial, T.B. Catron defends (1894) the accused murderers of J. Francisco Chaves.
Who/What is Borrego Murder Case
478. This biweekly series of articles is published (1894) by José Escobar in La Opinion Pública in Albuquerque.
Who/What is “New Mexico and Its Illustrious Men”
479. This Las Vegas newspaper is founded (1894) by cultural champion Enrique H. Salazar.
Who/What is El Independiente
480. One of the few African-Americans in NM, he compiled much information on Spanish and Mexican land law. It was then published in book form under the name of his boss, M.G. Reynolds, the U.S. Attorney.
Who/What is Henry O. Flipper
481. He is born (1896) in Tesuque Pueblo.
Who/What is Martin Vigil
482. This champion lawyer and his nine-year-old son Henry are murdered in 1896.
Who/What is Albert Fountain
483. This couple arrive (1896) in Gallup and begin doing missionary work.
Who/What is Andrew Van der Wagen and wife Effa
484. In 1897 this court case sets the precedent for denying confirmation of common lands to land grant claimants.
Who/What is US v. Sandoval
485. He is the first and only NM Hispano to be appointed (1897) Governor during the Territorial period.
Who/What is Miguel “Gillie” Otero II
486. This 1898 landmark case declares land grant claimants will henceforth have to prove that granting officials had the authority to award grants of land, and if copies of the original documents were made that the copier had the authority to do so.
Who/What is Hayes v. United States
487. He discovers (1908) that the Jacona land grant will be sold to the highest bidder, as directed by the Court in a lawsuit directed against “unknown heirs” living on the grant. They were never notified about the lawsuit. He gathers money from the people and “buys” the grant which is then deeded to villagers living on the Jacona land grant.
Who/What is Cosme Herrera
488. He writes (1898) a novel titled Historia de un cautivo (History of a Captive).
Who/What is Porfirio Gonzales
489. This group consists (1898) of Ernest Blumenschein, Bert Phillips, Joseph Sharp, Oscar Berninghaus, Irving Couse, Walter Ufer, and Victor Higgins.
Who/What is Los Ocho Pintores, The Taos Society of Artists
490. This group of 14 officers and 342 enlisted men are mustered into service (1898) for the Spanish American War. They become part of the Cavalry unit popularly referred to as the “Rough Riders.”
Who/What is First New Mexico Cavalry
491. He objected to the movement (1898) to “modernize” Santa Fe by knocking down “old buildings” like the Palace of the Governors. He and other members of the Santa Fe art colony lead a counter movement to preserve existing historic buildings and build new ones along the same style (which is now called the “Santa Fe Style” of architecture).
Who/What is Carlos Vierra
492. This was the title of an article published (1899) in the Atlantic Monthly in which the author states “Anglos” are superior to New Mexicans.
Who/What is THE GREASER
493. This master carpenter from Peñasco is producing (1899) NM style furniture though the railroad is bringing other styles from the USA.
Who/What is Alejandro Gallegos
494. In this an area about the size of Utah, NM Hispanics are settled (1899) in and developing areas in five states. Santa Fe is the heart of it.
Who/What is “Hispano Homeland”
495. These are centered (1900-1942) in the Taos and Santa Fe areas.
Who/What is Art Colonies
496. Missionaries working for the Bureau of Indian Affairs sponsor passage of these laws (1900-1920) in order to prohibit ceremonial practices which they find unacceptable and punish Indians who believe in them.
Who/What is Religious Crimes Code
497. This African-American town is founded (1901) some 16 miles south of Roswell by Francis Boyer.
Who/What is Blackdom
498. He discovers (1901) the Carlsbad Caverns.
Who/What is Jim White
499. This man and his wife, both born in Syria, open (1902) a general store in Manzano.
Who/What is Tenos Tabet
500. He founded a private school for girls (1902) and endowed it.
Who/What is Felipe Chávez School
501. This was completed (1905) in Albuquerque and it becomes the jewel of the Fred Harvey hotel chain.
Who/What is Alvarado Hotel
502. President Theodore Roosevelt takes (1906) this away from Taos Pueblo and makes it a federal area for “progress.”
Who/What is Blue Lake
503. The NM Legislature enacts (1907) a law which restricts women from owning land. Contrary to Hispanic NM law but in keeping with traditional American law, henceforth only the husband can dispose of property and women can’t make a will or designate heirs to land or anything she owns. Who/What is Women and American Law
504. He was a champion (1909) of the historical and cultural preservation movement.
Who/What is Edgar Lee Hewett
505. He founds (1910) the Hispano Americano newspaper (later called the Belén News) in Belén.
Who/What is Saturnino Baca
506. In this case the State Supreme Court rules that land grant property owners must be identified by name, not as “unknown heirs.”
Who/What is Priest v. Town of Las Vegas
507. This book was published (1911) by José E. Fernández.
Who/What is Forty Years as a Legislator, or the Biography of Casimiro Barela
508. In this case the State Supreme Court rules (1911) that land grant heirs living on land sought in any court action have to be notified in person instead of merely publishing notice in a newspaper.
Who/What is Rodriguez v. La Cueva Ranch Co.
509. They arrive (1911) in Rehoboth and begin missionary work.
Who/What is John W. Brink and wife Bertha
510. On this date NM becomes the 47th State of the Union.
Who/What is January 6, 1912
J. STATEHOOD--J
511. In 1912 the State Legislature appointed these two to be NM’s first Senators. Thereafter all Senators had to be elected by the people.
Who/What is T.B. Catron and A.B. Fall [Catron Seat/Fall Seat ]
512. This copper mining company begins production (1912) in Hurley. Who/What is Chino Copper Co.
513. This description refers to Ezequiel C. de Baca because of his involvement in “people issues” of the day (1913).
Who/What is “The People’s Champion”
514. He is producing (1914) embroidered quilts which contain dichos as well as Penitente alabados.
Who/What is Policarpio Valencia
515. This law establishes agricultural extension services in order to improve farm and home practices.
Who/What is Smith-Lever Act of 1914
516. Out of State companies send (1915) representatives to recruit workers in NM for this need.
Who/What is “Seasonal Labor”
517. The first chapter is founded (1915) in NM.
Who/What is National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
518. Beginning in 1915, this archaeologist spends ten summers studying archaeological artifacts at Pecos.
Who/What is Alfred V. Kidder
519. She arrives (1916) in Santa Fe with her husband William.
Who/What is Alice Corbin Henderson
520. Some of his men attack (1916) Columbus, NM.
Who/What is Pancho Villa
521. He begins carving (1917) in wood and goes on to become the Father of NM woodcarving.
Who/What is José Dolores López
522. She arrives (1917) in Taos and becomes a popular personality.
Who/What is Mabel Dodge (Sterne)
523. This festival is revived in 1918.
Who/What is Santa Fe Fiesta
524. She arrives (1918) in Santa Fe and becomes important in the art colony.
Who/What is Mary Austin
525. These institutions cater (1920) to people with tuberculosis and can soon be found throughout NM.
Who/What is “Sanatoria”
526. According to this survey there are some 325,000 people living in NM.
Who/What is Census of 1920
527. This institution is founded (1920) by the Sisters of St. Francis in Albuquerque.
Who/What is College of St. Joseph
528. NM Senator Holm Bursum sponsors a bill in Congress that would take land away from Indians. Bursum’s unpublicized effort is finally exposed and rejected by the Congress.
Who/What is Bursum Bill of 1921
529. This shop is opened (1922) in Chimayó by Severo and his wife Teresita. Severo Jaramillo Weaving Shop
530. This labor strike takes place (1922) in Gallup.
Who/What is Gamerco Strike
531. This Amerindian festival is established (1922) in Gallup.
Who/What is Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial
532. This large reclamation effort is organized in 1923.
Who/What is Middle Río Grande Conservancy District
533. This group of people are legally declared citizens(1924) of the USA. Who/What is Native Americans
534. The literary work of Felipe Chacón is published in 1924.
Who/What is Obras de Felipe Maximiliano Chacón
535. These “literary evenings” were held in the home of William and Alice Corbin Henderson and referred to by this name
Who/What is Poets’ Roundup
536. This was NM’s most popular magazine. Editor Camilo Padilla relocates it to Santa Fe in 1925.
Who/What is Revista Ilustrada
537. The AT&SF railroad sponsors (1925) these three-day trip for tourists through certain Indian pueblos.
Who/What is Santa Fe Indian Detours
538. This irrigation project is created in 1925.
Who/What is Santa Cruz Irrigation District
539. She presents (starting in 1925) “lantern-slide lectures” three to six times a week at the La Fonda Hotel in Santa Fe. Pueblo culture is promoted for tourists while Hispanic village life is ignored.
Who/What is Elizabeth DeHuff
540. “Old Man Gloom,” is created (1926) for the Santa Fe Fiesta by Will Shuster and becomes known by this name.
Who/What is Zozobra
541. This wood carver takes first place (1926 and also in 1927) in woodcarving in the Spanish Colonial Arts Competition.
Who/What is Celso Gallegos
542. This internationally renowned Russian artist visits (1926) Taos and decides to live there.
Who/What is Nicolai Fechin
542. She publishes (1927) her novel Death Comes for the Archbishop.
Who/What is Willa Cather
543. He is recognized as a champion of NM Indian causes.
Who/What is John Collier
544. He operates (1928) the Colonial Tin Antiques shop on Canyon Road in Santa Fe.
Who/What is Francisco Delgado
545. She arrives in NM in 1929.
Who/What is E. (Elizabeth) Boyd
546. This publishing house is founded in 1929.
Who/What is University of New Mexico Press
547. This painter arrives (1929) in Taos.
Who/What is Georgia O’Keefe
548. These health statistics are (1929) 61 per 1,000 in the USA but 141 per 1,000 in NM.
Who/What is Infant Mortality Rates
549. Her Memoirs are published in the 1930s as an effort to unmask “…the social system that taught her that the only way to succeed in life is by having power over other human beings…”
Who/What is Mabel Dodge Luhan
550. He becomes the “Father of Modern Rocketry” due to his work (1930s) while living in Roswell.
Who/What is Robert H. Goddard
551. Due to the Great Depression, impoverished migrants from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas enter NM looking for work.
Who/What is Okies & Arkies
552. This well known tinsmith is producing tinwork (1930s) in Santa Fe. Who/What is Francisco Sandoval
553. He becomes a labor organizer (1930s) and is accused of being a Communist agitator in order to get him deported.
Who/What is Jesus Pallares
554. He is appointed (1933) as Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
Who/What is John Collier
555. This work is authored (1933) by E. Shevky; reveals the acute suffering of Hispanic villagers during the Great Depression.
Who/What is “Tewa Basin Study”
556. Hispanics are targeted (1933) for exclusion from membership in fraternities and sororities at this institution of higher learning .
Who/What is Discrimination at UNM
557. He is producing (1930s) wood sculptures and goes on to become America’s greatest wood sculptor.
Who/What is Patrociño Barela
558. He records much NM folklore while working (1930s-40s) for the Works Progress Administration.
Who/What is Lorin Brown
559. UNM professors Arthur Campa and George I. Sánchez announce (1937) plans to hold the first ever “National Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples in the USA” at UNM. This committee applies pressure to UNM, accusing Campa and Sánchez of being “radicals and communists.” The conference never takes place.
Who/What is The House of Un-American Activities Committee
560. He joins the Army (1939) and goes on to create memorable cartoons and satire, along with entertaining characters like “Willie and Joe.” He is awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 and 1959.
Who/What is Bill Mauldin
561. This is NM’s leading (1940) Jewish institution.
Who/What is Congregation Albert
562. He is living (1940) in the village of El Cerrito to study the people. He takes testimony from villagers and later publishes his work under the title of The Role of the Land Grant. Among other things, villagers tell him that their poverty began in 1904 when their common lands were taken away from them.
Who/What is Olen E. Leonard
563. This book is published (1940) by George I. Sánchez.
Who/What is Forgotten People A Study of New Mexicans
564. NM’s “Renaisance Man” from Wagon Mound, he begins (1940) an illustrious career as scholar, historian, writer, genealogist.
Who/What is Angélico Chávez
565. This base begins (1941) as the Army Air Depot.
Who/What is Kirtland Air Force Base
566. They are sent (1941) to the Philippine Islands. “Heroes of Bataan and Corregidor,” composed mostly of NM National Guardsmen.
Who/What is 200th Coast Artillery and the 515th Coast Artillery
567. This group is created (1942) to communicate military information by using the Navajo language. The code was never broken by the enemy.
Who/What is Navajo Code Talkers
568. This top secret operation (1942) brought scientists to Los Alamos to create the atomic bomb.
Who/What is Manhattan Project
569. This home for boys is incorporated (1944) and founded (1946).
Who/What is NM Boys Ranch
570. The world’s first (1945) atomic bomb is exploded on this spot at White Sands Missile Range.
Who/What is Trinity Site
571. This first well researched book on NM santos is published (1946) by E. Boyd.
Who/What is Saints & Saintmakers of New Mexico
572. She becomes the first (1946) NM woman to be elected to the US House of Representatives.
Who/What is Georgia Lusk
573. This government installation is founded (1947) in Albuquerque.
Who/What is Sandía Laboratories
574. Various people report (1947) sighting and then finding wreckage from an alien space ship.
Who/What is Roswell Incident
575. This is established (1947) at Jémez Springs as a place to help priests with personal problems.
Who/What is Monastery of Via Coeli
576. She sees the Matachines Dance for the first time (1947) and later publishes The Matachines Dance of the Upper Río Grande History, Music, and Choreography (1983).
Who/What is Flavia Waters Champe
577. This Navajo sheepherder discovers (1949) uranium near Grants.
Who/What is Paddy Martínez
578. This small animal is rescued (1949) after a fire in the El Capitán mountains. The animal goes on to become NM’s best known “celebrity” (Billy the Kid being second). Smokey Bear
579. He founds (1949) the first house of the “Little Brothers of the Good Shepherd” to help the desperately poor and in time the order spreads throughout the world.
Who/What is Brother Mathias Barrett
580. This book is published (1953) by Fabiola Cabeza de Baca.
Who/What is We Fed Them Cactus
581. Botanists Roy Nakayama and Paul Bosland work (1955) with various chile growers to produce this chile variety.
Who/What is “Big Jim”
582. This tourist attraction is opened (1957) by Aurelio and Elizabeth (Fountain) Armendáriz in La Mesilla.
Who/What is Gadsden Museum
583. This world class company is founded (1957) by John Crosby.
Who/What is Santa Fe Opera
584. The statistics in this book show that NM’s various groups generally suffer from disease and/or earlier death according to their ethnicity: Native American (the most), Hispanic (in the middle), non-Hispanic white (the least).
Who/What is Racial and Ethnic Patterns of Mortality in New Mexico (published in 1993).
585. While NM (1960) Hispanos are 28% of the population, they make up 41.6% of New Mexicans living in this.
Who/What is Poverty
586. This organization is founded (1962) by Reies López Tijerina.
Who/What is Alianza Federal de Mercedes
587. This museum is founded (1962) by Carla and Ross Ward.
Who/What is Tinker Town Museum
588. Various people, including Officer Lonnie Zamora, report seeing (1964) this in the Socorro area.
Who/What is UFO Sighting
589. Ruth Hashimoto is instrumental in bringing this program to NM when Albuquerque and Sasebo, Japan, are declared (1966) “Sister Cities.”
Who/What is Sister Cities Program
590. This is unveiled (1966) in Statuary Hall.
Who/What is Dennis Chávez Statue
591. Alianza Federal members and their families are picnicking (1966) at the Echo Amphitheater campground when there is a confrontation with policemen and forest rangers. In May some 500 Alianza members gather in T.A. and proclaim the area is now the “People’s Republic of San Joaquín.” The State sends in police and eventually the National Guard, with machine guns and tanks, to quell the “19 raiders.”
Who/What is Tierra Amarilla Court House Raid (1966)
592. She wins (1969) the NM Women’s Amateur Tournament at the age of 12. Who/What is Nancy López
593. The nickname for the UNM Sports Arena completed in 1967.
Who/What is The Pit
594. He receives (1969) the Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Made of Dawn.
Who/What is N. Scott Momaday
595. This exquisite hotel is demolished (1970) to make way for a parking lot.
Who/What is Alvarado Hotel
596. He is awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1970.
Who/What is Luis R. Rocco
597. He publishes his first novel, The Blessing Way in 1970.
Who/What is Tony Hillerman
598. He publishes (1972) his first novel, Bless Me, Ultima (in California). Who/What is Rudolfo Anaya
599.This festival is started (1972) in Albuquerque.
Who/What is Balloon Fiesta
600. This is the first real study of NM Hispanic arts and crafts and is published (1974) by E. Boyd.
Who/What is Popular Arts of Spanish New Mexico
601. This business man is among the creators (1974) of the El Valle State Bank in Albuquerque.
Who/What is Sósimo Padilla
602. This business organization is founded in 1975.
Who/What is Hispano Chamber of Commerce
603. This project is founded (1975) west of Socorro.
Who/What is Very Large Array (VLA)
604. This anti-crime strategy is created (1976) by Officer Greg MacAleese of the APD.
Who/What is “Crime Stoppers”
605. He is selected (1976) to write New Mexico A Bicentennial History. Who/What is Marc Simmons
606. La Cofradía de Artes y Artesanos Hispánicos) is founded (1979) by Federico Vigil and Luis Tapia.
Who/What is Brotherhood of Hispanic Arts and Artists
607. He founds (1979) and edits Academia Publications (later Del Norte Publications).
Who/What is Tomás Atencio
608. This occurs (1979) when the United Nuclear Corporation Church Rock Mill tailings pond ruptures, releasing some 94,000,000 gallons of radio active waste into the Río Puerco.
Who/What is “Worst Radiation Accident in American History”
609. This business is founded (1979) in Albuquerque by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
Who/What is Microsoft Corporation
610. This research organization is founded (1980) at UNM.
Who/What is Southwest Hispanic Research Institute
611. This history project is founded (1980) at UNM by Dr. John Kessell.
Who/What is Vargas Project
612. This environmental organization is founded (1980) by Dave Foreman.
Who/What is Earth First!
613. This takes place (1980) at the NM State Penitentiary.
Who/What is “The worst prison riot in American history.”
614. This Hispanic organization is founded (1983) by Arturo G. Ortega.
Who/What is Hispanic Culture Foundation
615. He writes (1983) and performs his one-act play, Padre Antonio José Martínez de Taos.
Who/What is E.A. “Tony” Mares
616. This event is created (1985) by Santa Fe artists like Orlando Romero.
Who/What is Contemporary Hispanic Market
617. These are monthly gatherings (1986-92) attended by various NM artists like Francisco LeFebre where the concept of a Hispanic Culture Center is developed. Noches de Cultura – Culture Evenings
618. This women’s group is founded in 1988.
Who/What is Hispanic Women’s Council
619. This book by and about women is published in 1988.
Who/What is Las Mujeres Hablan An Anthology of Nuevo Mexicana Writers
620. This music organization is founded in 1989.
Who/What is NM Hispanic Music Association
621. Historian and genealogist, he begins publication (1990) of The New Mexico Chronicles.
Who/What is Carlos Lopopolo
622. This NM astronaut pilots (1991) the space shuttle Columbia on its 11th space mission.
Who/What is Sidney Gutiérrez
623. Pueblo Nations Eight Centuries of Pueblo History is published (1992) by Joe Sando.
624. This magazine is founded (1994) by Ana Pacheco.
Who/What is La Herencia Del Norte
625. These agreements for Indian casinos are ratified (1995) by Gov. Johnson.
Who/What is Gaming Compacts
626. He is selected (1996) by Pres. Clinton as American Ambassador to the United Nations.
Who/What is Bill Richardson
627. This new Santa Fe museum opens (1997) to the public.
Who/What is Georgia O’Keeffe Museum
628. She is selected (1997) as President and CEO of the Albuquerque Hispano Chamber of Commerce.
Who/What is Loretta Armenta
629. She is selected (1997) “Female Vocalist of the Year” during the NM Hispano Music Awards.
Who/What is Angel Espinoza
630. This calendar is published (1998) to commemorate NM’s 400th Anniversary. (Calendars put out in 1998 by the Office of Cultural Affairs and New Mexico Magazine don’t even mention the 400th anniversary.)
Who/What is Calendar of the Great Southwest The New Mexico Edition
631. This organization is founded (1998) by community activists like Millie Santillanes. Who/What is Hispanic Culture Preservation League
632. This book is designated (1998) as the first to be published by the Hispanic Culture Center in Albuquerque by way of commemorating New Mexico’s 400th anniversary.
Who/What is New Mexico A Brief Multi-History
633. This well known public servant dies (1998) of cancer.
Who/What is Rep. Steve Schiff
634. He is selected (1998) as Ambassador to Spain.
Who/What is Ed Romero
635. Ventana Magazine publishes (1998) a study that states NM students scored an “F” [scoring two (2) points out of a possible sixty (60) points] in New Mexico History.
Who/What is Studying NM History
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
II. Let’s play New Mexico PASSWORD
(Adjust traditional PASSWORD rules to facilitate student participation.)
INSTRUCTIONS
(This activity is based directly on or directly related to NAME THE EVENT subject matter in the QUESTIONS segment). This classroom activity can be effected in either of the following ways:
1. BASIC: The teacher can read the clues then call on students to answer.
- ADVANCED:
CLASS PARTICIPATION: Three pairs of students can be selected to
participate. Each team will take turns asking/answering. The team that
comes up with five correct answers (or any other such suitable number, at
the discretion of the teacher) shall be declared the winner. A student
from class can be assigned to keep score.
- In each pair, one student will present the clues while the other student responds. (Each presenter will be provided a written copy of the clues by the teacher.)
- If the responder can’t come up with an answer s/he will say MORE CLUES and the presenter will provide another clue.
- When all clues have been read and the proper response hasn’t been given the presenter will say NEW ITEM then go on to give clues for the new item of information.
- The teacher will decide how many correct answers (5, 7, etc.) must be given to declare a winner.
- Another pair can take the place of the winning team and continue as above.
- Rewards for the entire class will be decided on by the teacher.
1. CLUES: New Mexico date// Status change// Union// Statehood//
RESPONSE: [January 6, 1912; NM becomes part of the American Union]
2. CLUES: Fred Harvey establishment// Completed 1905 // in Albuquerque// hotel//
RESPONSE: Alvarado Hotel
3. CLUES: book by José E. Fernandez // Biography // Colorado Senator
RESPONSE: Casimiro Barela
4. CLUES: Indian land taken// by President Teddy Roosevelt// from Taos//
RESPONSE: Blue Lake
5. CLUES: He discovered this tourist attraction// in southern NM// Carlsbad//
RESPONSE: Jim White
6. CLUES: first to serve as substitute Governor // was Secretary of State// female//
RESPONSE: Soledad Chávez Chacón
7. CLUES: famous lawman// sheriff// died when shot in the back //
RESPONSE: Sheriff Pat Garrett
8. CLUES: Military troopers// Left NM in 1900// Buffalo Soldiers
RESPONSE: 9th Cavalry
9. CLUES: lawyer from Michigan// wrote history// Director of NM Historical Society in 1918//
RESPONSE: Ralph Emerson Twitchell
10. CLUES: Influential females// came to NM// artist types//
RESPONSE: (any of these) Mabel Dodge Luhan, Alice Corbin Henderson, Georgia O’Keefe, Mary Austin, E. Boyd
11. CLUES: Came from the South// founded a town// Blackdom//
RESPONSE: Francis Boyer
12. CLUES: granted in 1920// for women// suffragists// //
RESPONSE: right to VOTE
13. CLUES: Restarted in 1918// festival// Santa Fe//
RESPONSE: Santa Fe Fiesta
14. CLUES: land swindle// targeted Indians// Senator Bursum//
RESPONSE: Bursum Bill
15. CLUES: organization// 1st NM chapter in 1915 // NAACP //
RESPONSE: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
16. CLUES: Indian pottery// started in San Ildefonso Pueblo// Santana//
RESPONSE: Santana Peña
17. CLUES: born in Mountain Park// got famous in World War II // cartoonist// created Willie and Joe//
RESPONSE: Bill Mauldin
18. CLUES: legal relationship// “bridge between cultures”// Mabel Dodge// Tony Luhan//
RESPONSE: interracial marriage
19. CLUES: to cure tuberculosis// health seekers// health institutions//
RESPONSE: Sanatoria
20. CLUES: African-American town// founded 1901 // Francis Boyer//
RESPONSE: Blackdom
21. CLUES: Father of Statehood// unsolved mystery death // murdered//
RESPONSE: J. Francisco Chávez
22. CLUES: environment// reclamation// started in 1923//
RESPONSE: Middle Río Grande Conservancy District
23. CLUES: female founder// school// for Hispanic crafts//
RESPONSE: Concha Ortiz y Pino
24. CLUES: institution of higher learning // founded by the Sisters of St. Francis // 1920 in Albuquerque// //
RESPONSE: College of St. Joseph on the Río Grande
25. CLUES: published in 1927// famous novel // set in NM // by Willa Cather //
RESPONSE: Death Comes for the Archbishop
26. CLUES: native Hispanic author// “the New Mexican Bard”// author of Obras//
RESPONSE: Felipe M. Chacón
27. CLUES: Native American ceremonial// Gallup// Intertribal//
RESPONSE: Intertribal Indian Ceremonial
28. CLUES: famous magazine // relocated to Santa Fe in 1925// edited by Camilo Padilla// //
RESPONSE: La Revista Ilustrada
29. CLUES: female author// her famous book published in 1936// Old Spain in Our Southwest //
RESPONSE: Nina Otero
30. CLUES: popular tourist activity // for travelers by railroad// Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad // NM Pueblo villages in 1925//
RESPONSE: Santa Fe Indian Detours,
31. CLUES: creator of cartoon-like character// for Santa Fe fiesta//cartoon portrayed gloom //
RESPONSE: Will Shuster
32. CLUES: UNM publication // scholarly publication // funded in 1931//
RESPONSE: The NM Quarterly
33. CLUES: appointed to the U.S. Senate // appointed by Gov. Tingley // upon death of Senator Bronson Cutting // from Los Chavez//
RESPONSE: Dennis Chávez
34. CLUES: state publishing house// founded in 1929 // at a university // at UNM //
RESPONSE: University of New Mexico Press
35. CLUES: famous NM artist// publicized by the Museum of Modern Art in New York // “the discovery of the year” in 1936// greatest American wood sculptor//
RESPONSE: Patrociño Barela
36. CLUES: natural disaster // in 1929// in Río Grande valley// //
RESPONSE: Río Grande flood of ‘29
37. CLUES: labor leader // accused of being a communist // fired from his job // //
RESPONSE: Jesús Pallares
38. CLUES: book on genealogy// published in 1954// by Angélico Chavez//
RESPONSE: Origins of New Mexico Families
39. CLUES: cartoonist // served in the military// awarded Pulitzer Prize in 1945 and also 1959//
RESPONSE: Bill Mauldin
40. CLUES: authored Forgotten People // in 1940// later went to Texas to teach //
RESPONSE: George I. Sánchez
41. CLUES: most famous NM military unit of WW II // shipped to the Philippines // in 1941
RESPONSE: 200th Coast Artillery
42. CLUES: Conference that never took place// Arthur Campa and George I. Sánchez sponsored// Campa and Sánchez were charged with being “radicals and communists” // House Un-American Activities then pressured UNM to withdraw as the site of the conference //
RESPONSE: “National Congress of Spanish Speaking People”
43. CLUES: Amerindian leader died in 1940// “Grand old Man” // from Isleta Pueblo //
RESPONSE: Pablo Abeita
44. CLUES: AFB // southern NM // in Clovis //
RESPONSE: Cannon
45. CLUES: famous potter// northern Pueblo// from Santa Clara //
RESPONSE: Sarafina Tafoya
46. CLUES: female author// Hispanic traditions// published Shadows of the Past //
RESPONSE: Cleofas Jaramillo
47. CLUES: top secret program // atomic bomb // Los Alamos//
RESPONSE: Manhattan Project
48. CLUES: NM dance// Flavia Waters Champe studied it // Flavia published a book on it//
RESPONSE: Matachines dance
49. CLUES: AFB // southern NM// Alamogordo //
RESPONSE: Holloman
50. CLUES: female author// studied santos// her book was Saints and Saintmakers of New Mexico?//
RESPONSE: E. Boyd
51. CLUES: “Internment camps” // World War II // populated by //
RESPONSE: Japanese Americans
52. CLUES: orphan animal // from El Capitán Mts.// lost Mama
Bear// in a fire//
RESPONSE: Smokey Bear
53. CLUES: orphans// Father Flanagan model // “Boys Town” //
RESPONSE: Boys Ranch
54. CLUES: pottery design// discovered by potter from Acoma// Lucy Martin Lewis//
RESPONSE: Mimbres design
55. CLUES: female political pioneer// elected in 1946// to national House of Representatives//
RESPONSE: Georgia Lusk
56. CLUES: female author // unusual first and last name // wrote We Fed Them Cactus //
RESPONSE: Fabiola Cabeza de Baca
57. CLUES: bilingual skills// famous in WW II// Diné//
RESPONSE: Navajo Code Talkers
58. CLUES: Arabs and// Comanches and// New Mexican Hispanos//
RESPONSE: three greatest horsemen in world history
59. CLUES: Navajo sheepherder// Grants area// discovered uranium // //
RESPONSE: Paddy Martínez
60. CLUES: established in 1945// atomic testing// southern NM // //
RESPONSE: White Sands Missile Range
61. CLUES: “Extra Terrestrial” event// southern NM// most famous UFO//
RESPONSE: Roswell Incident
62. CLUES: religious order// spread world-wide// founded by Brother Mathias (Barrett)//
RESPONSE: Little Brothers of the Good Shepherd
63. CLUES: female author// her father a newspaper editor // her name is “Dawn” in English // wrote Literary Folklore of the Hispanic Southwest //
RESPONSE: Aurora Lucero (White-Lea)
64. CLUES: Isleta activist// Amerindian rights// right to vote//
RESPONSE: Miguel Trujillo
65. CLUES: first television station in NM// in 1948 // in Albuquerque //
RESPONSE: KOB-TV
66. CLUES: movie made from real life// from event in Hurley, NM // strike at Empire Zinc//
RESPONSE: “Salt of the Earth”
67. CLUES: female celebrity// from Taos // museum created in her honor// after her death//
RESPONSE: Millicent Rogers
68. CLUES: Ernest Block// came to Taos// started Taos skiing industry//
RESPONSE: Ernie Blake
69. CLUES: Museum in southern NM // founded in Mesilla in 1957 // by Aurelio Armendáriz // and Elizabeth (Fountain) Armendáriz //
RESPONSE: Gadsden Museum
70. CLUES: variety of chile // created by famous botanists // Paul Bosland // Ray Nakayama //
RESPONSE: “Big Jim” chile
71. CLUES: she promoted international friendship// with Sasebo, Japan // Sister Cities program //
RESPONSE: Ruth Hashimoto
72. CLUES: biography // about her growing up // Hispanic village life// Romance of a Little Village Girl
RESPONSE: Cleofas Jaramillo
73. CLUES: musical founder// organization started in 1957 // in Santa Fe // Santa Fe Opera//
RESPONSE: John Crosby
74. CLUES: last editor (1958) // of Spanish language newspaper // El Nuevo Mexicano // //
RESPONSE: Pedro R. Ortega
75. CLUES: 1967 community barbecue escalated // in Coyote // became a national incident as a “raid”//
RESPONSE: Tierra Amarilla Courthouse Raid
76. CLUES: Hispanic group // individuals participated in the Santa Fe Fiesta // portrayed don Diego de Vargas //
RESPONSE: Los Caballeros de Vargas
77. CLUES: foreign city // first Sister City // Albuquerque’s //
RESPONSE: Sasebo, Japan,
78. CLUES: agricultural celebration// most popular celebration of chile // in Hatch //
RESPONSE: Hatch Chile Festival
79. CLUES: home of J.D. Lopez// village in northern NM // center of NM woodcarving? //
RESPONSE: Córdova
80. CLUES: American author// Pulitzer Prize in 1955// wrote Great River //
RESPONSE: Paul Horgan
81. CLUES: museum// east of Albuquerque// Carla and Ross Ward //
RESPONSE: Tinker Town Museum,
82. CLUES: first novel in 1972// about growing up// by Rudy Anaya // //
RESPONSE: Bless Me, Ultima
83. CLUES: sports facility // opened its doors in 1967// at UNM //
RESPONSE: The Pit
84. CLUES: land grants// leader// founded the Alianza Federal de Mercedes in 1962// “King Tiger”//
RESPONSE: Reies López Tijerina
85. CLUES: Lonnie in 1964// spotted a UFO // south of Socorro//
RESPONSE: Officer Lonnie Zamora
86. CLUES: sports facility // opened its doors in 1968// at NMSU//
RESPONSE: Pan American Center
87. CLUES: NM painter // married to Henriette Wyeth // painted portrait of President L. Johnson in 1967 //
RESPONSE: Peter Hurd
88. CLUES: creative police officer // anti-crime project// created CRIME STOPPERS //
RESPONSE: Greg MacAleese
89. CLUES: spectacular festival // in Albuquerque // full of “hot air” //
RESPONSE: Balloon Fiesta
90. CLUES: Amerindian author // a Kiowa who grew up in Jémez Pueblo // wrote House Made of Dawn // won the Pulitzer Prize in 1969
RESPONSE: N. Scott Momaday
91. CLUES: studied NM arts and crafts// female author// published Popular Arts of Spanish New Mexico in 1974//
RESPONSE: E. Boyd
92. CLUES: best selling mystery author// first novel in1970 // The Blessing Way //
RESPONSE: Tony Hillerman
93. CLUES: Amerindian center // opened in 1976// by “village” Indians
RESPONSE: Indian Pueblo Cultural Center
94. CLUES: researcher// on NM land grants// wrote about Tierra Amarilla land grant//
RESPONSE: Malcolm Ebright
95. CLUES: rich and famous founders// computer software // founded Microsoft Corporation //
RESPONSE: Bill Gates and Paul Allen
96. CLUES: radio astronomy// on the plains of San Agustín // VLA//
RESPONSE: Very Large Array
97. CLUES: Amerindian public servant// Chairman from 1975-1983 // of the All Indian Pueblo Council //
RESPONSE: Delfine Lovato
98. CLUES: female Hispanic diplomat// appointed by President Carter // Ambassador to Honduras //
RESPONSE: Mari-Luci Jaramillo
99. CLUES: Amerindian author// from Acoma Pueblo // wrote Fight Back
RESPONSE: Simon J. Ortiz
100. CLUES: history project // at UNM// founded by Dr. John Kessell in 1980//
RESPONSE: Vargas Project
101. CLUES: Spanish cane// Lincoln cane // State of NM cane // King Juan Carlos cane //
RESPONSE: Pueblo authority canes
102. CLUES: female Amerindian leader// never before held this office //Gov of Isleta Pueblo//
RESPONSE: Vera Olguin Williamson
103. CLUES: 1st Canada // 2nd Germany // 3rd Mexico, //
RESPONSE: NM tourism
104. CLUES: Albuquerque business owner // holds a yearly matanza // in honor of his mother // lauds traditional NM culture
RESPONSE: Prem Gabaldon
105. CLUES: research organization // created at UNM // in 1980? //
RESPONSE: Southwest Hispanic Research Institute
106. CLUES: female magazine founder// from Santa Fe// La Herencia del Norte //
RESPONSE: Ana Pacheco
107. CLUES: NM astronaut // piloted the space shuttle Columbia // on its 11th flight //
RESPONSE: Col. Sidney Gutiérrez
108. CLUES: two boxing title holders // from Albuquerque. //
RESPONSE: Johnny Tapia, Danny Romero
109. CLUES: Amerindian historian// from Jémez Pueblo // wrote Pueblo Nations //
RESPONSE: Joe Sando
110. CLUES: Hispanic music organization// founded in 1989// focused on NM music
RESPONSE: NM Hispanic Music Association
110. CLUES: Ambassador to the United Nations // appointed by Pres. Clinton// former NM Representative// served as Governor
RESPONSE: Bill Richardson
112. CLUES: historian-genealogist // author of The New Mexico Chronicles
RESPONSE: Carlos LoPopolo
113. CLUES: Albuquerque museum // about nature // most visited //
RESPONSE: Museum of Natural History & Science,
114. CLUES: political leader// in northern NM // helped create Oñate Monument //
RESPONSE: Emilio Naranjo
115. CLUES: anniversary calendar // dedicated to NM’s 400th anniversary // in 1998//
RESPONSE: Calendar of the Great Southwest: New Mexico Edition
TERRITORIAL PERIOD--P
116. CLUES: minister arrived in 1851// 1ST Presbyterian// first “Protestant” minister in NM//
RESPONSE: Rev. W.J. Kephardt
117. CLUES: French clergy// pair// arrived 1851 //
RESPONSE: Lamy & Machebeuf
118. CLUES: NM historians// two // disagree// on religious history//
RESPONSE: Paul Horgan and Angélico Chavez
119. CLUES: U.S. Attorney// first one in NM // wrote a book on NM // charged with embezzlement//
RESPONSE: W.W.H. Davis
120. CLUES: Surveyor General// first in NM // 1854// William//
RESPONSE: William Pelham
121. CLUES: Jicarilla Apache chief// accused of stealing// killed by US Cavalry //
RESPONSE: Lobo Blanco
122. CLUES: Indian civil rights// 1854 NM Legislature passed law// denied vote // to village Amerindians
RESPONSE: Pueblo Indians
123. CLUES: 1854 Amer. Ind. Agent// negative prediction// extermination of Indians //
RESPONSE: E.A. Graves
124. CLUES: two excommunicated // native priests // by Bishop Lamy //
RESPONSE: Fr. Martínez and Fr. Lucero
125. CLUES: oldest chartered school // in Santa Fe // named for a saint//
RESPONSE: St. Michaels
126. CLUES: German immigrant // lived in western NM// elected Acoma governor//
RESPONSE: Solomon Bibo
127. CLUES: large animal // slaughtered to near extinction // on plains // good meat left to rot & hide taken//
RESPONSE: buffalo/bison
128. CLUES: famous nickname // outlaw // Henry McCarty // //
RESPONSE: Billy the Kid
129. CLUES: 1859 law// targeted African-Americans // repealed 1861 at outbreak of Civil War//
RESPONSE: Slave Code Act (of 1859)
130. CLUES: chose same side// Sibley // Loring // Fauntleroy// //
RESPONSE: Confederacy
131. CLUES: 1863 “Long Walk” // Navajos deported // concentration camp // Ft. Sumner area//
RESPONSE: Bosque Redondo
132. CLUES: Union soldiers // came to NM // under James Carleton //
RESPONSE: California Column
133. CLUES: cattle trail // across lower Pecos // to CO. & WYO. //
RESPONSE: Goodnight-Loving Trail
134. CLUES: cattle king // from Texas // in southeastern NM //
RESPONSE: John Chisum
135. CLUES: national award // to Francis Oliver // to Eben Stanley // to Robert McDonald //
RESPONSE: Congressional Medal of Honor
136. CLUES: tourist attraction // in Santa Fe // Loretto Chapel //
RESPONSE: Spiral Staircase
137. CLUES: business in southeastern NM // Murphy // Dolan // Riley//
RESPONSE: “The House”
138. CLUES: work of famous ethnologist // wrote novel // Adolph Bandelier//
RESPONSE: The Delight Makers
139. CLUES: Sheriff wrote this book // Ash Upton helped// Pat Garrett is author //
RESPONSE: The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid
140. CLUES: charged with land fraud // indicted nine times // owned a newspaper //
RESPONSE: Max Frost
141. CLUES: native frontiersman // born in Atrisco // El Leoncito //
RESPONSE: Manuel Antonio Chaves
142. CLUES: activist brothers // Juan Herrera // Pablo Herrera // Nicanor Herrera//
RESPONSE: land grant activists
143. CLUES: land grant organization // in Las Vegas // wore white hoods
RESPONSE: Gorras Blancas/ White Caps
144. CLUES: unique Territorial Governor // native of NM // 1st native as Gov.//
RESPONSE: Miguel Otero
145. CLUES: land grant activist // Jacona land grant // Cosme //
RESPONSE: Cosme Herrera
146. CLUES: Ernest Blumenschein // Bert Phillips // Joseph Sharp // Los Ocho Pintores //
RESPONSE: Taos Society of Artists
147. CLUES: 1st Vol. Cavalry // Col. Wood // Col. Roosevelt //
RESPONSE: Rough Riders
148. CLUES: to break Pueblo Indian customs // promoted by Protestant missionaries // promoted by BIA //
RESPONSE: Religious Crimes Code
149. CLUES: unique village in southeastern NM// African-Am. founder // of Blackdom
RESPONSE: Francis Boyer
150. CLUES: date of NM status change // after 64 years // statehood//
RESPONSE: January 6, 1912
151. CLUES: new laws for NM // in 1846 // from Gen. Kearny //
RESPONSE: Kearny Code
152. CLUES: among first Amer. women in NM// her letters have been published // married to Magoffin // //
RESPONSE: Susan Magoffin
153. CLUES: he was charged with treason // against the USA // when he was a citizen of Mexico // //
RESPONSE: Manuel Antonio Chaves
154. CLUES: set a trail record // Santa Fe to Independence, Mo. // five days, 16 hours//
RESPONSE: Francis X. Aubry
155. CLUES: Taos cabinet maker // also a blacksmith // French //
RESPONSE: Gabriel Jeantet
MEXICAN PERIOD--P
156. CLUES: Mexican treaty of 1821 // made citizens of all Indians// prohibited use of label “genízaros” //
RESPONSE: Treaty of Cordova
157. CLUES: trappers wanted them // funny nickname // “hairy banknotes” // trapped to near extinction//
RESPONSE: beaver skins
158. CLUES: center for Americans in NM // center for fur traders // situated in northern NM // //
RESPONSE: Taos
159. CLUES: Domínguez-Escalante trail // re-blazed from Abiquiú // by Antonio Armijo // //
RESPONSE: Old Spanish Trail
160. CLUES: NM legal system // promoted community living // promoted conciliation // //
RESPONSE: Spanish Customary Law
161. CLUES: social gathering // most popular social event // for men and women // //
RESPONSE: Dance
162. CLUES: bribed by Magoffin // departed from NM // took his professional soldiers with him //
RESPONSE: Col. Diego Archuleta
163. CLUES: Gertrudis Barceló, “La Tules” // Josefa Jaramillo // Luz Beaubien // //
RESPONSE: NM women
164. CLUES: 1846: men enter from USA // came in from Bent’s Fort // led by Gen. Kearny // //
RESPONSE: Army of the West
165. CLUES: 1832 newspaper // published by Ramón Abreú // El Crepúsculo de la Libertad //
RESPONSE: Dawn of Liberty
166. CLUES: 1540 // 1st Spanish expedition into SW // Francisco Vásquez de //
RESPONSE: Coronado
167. CLUES: 1598 // 1st Christian settlement in NM // San Juan de los Caballeros //
RESPONSE: Knights of St. John
168. CLUES: Juan Z. // Vicente Z. // Oñate’s nephews //
RESPONSE: Zaldívar
169. CLUES: Ambushed Christians // at Acoma // Acoma war leader//
RESPONSE: Zutucapán
170. CLUES: 1610 // epic poem // Gaspar de Villagrá // Historia de la Nueva Mexico //
RESPONSE: History of New Mexico
171. CLUES: arrived 1617 // Father Custos for NM// Father of the NM Church
RESPONSE: Fr. Estevan de Perea
172. CLUES: patrón saint of NM // Our Lady of the Rosary // Our Lady of Peace
RESPONSE: La Conquistadora
173. CLUES: Brnardo Gruber // escape route // La Jornada del Muerto //
RESPONSE: Dead Man’s Route
174. CLUES: 1680 // bloody Indian uprising // Pueblo Revolt
RESPONSE: St. Lawrence Day Massacre
175. CLUES: detribalized Indians // usually from plains // acculturated to Spanish society
RESPONSE: Genízaros
176. CLUES: transporters of commercial goods // muleteers // mulepackers //
RESPONSE: Arrieros
177. CLUES: enemy of Hispanic NM // Comanche chief // died fighting Anza
RESPONSE: Cuerno Verde
178. CLUES: major hero of the Southwest // Gov. of NM in 1778 // established the Comanche Peace with Ecueracapa
RESPONSE: Juan B. de Anza
179. CLUES: traders to plains Indians // Hispanic and Pueblo business men // traded with Comanches
RESPONSE: Comancheros
180. CLUES: New Mexico’s master horsemen // hunted buffalo/bison // used a lance //
RESPONSE: Ciboleros
181. CLUES: greatest trailblazer of the SW // blazed trail to San Antonio // blazed trail to St. Louis //
RESPONSE: Pedro Vial
182. CLUES: master horsemen // wild horse cowboys // mustangers //
RESPONSE: Mesteñeros
183. CLUES: 1804 Indian attack // 1000 Navajo warriors // against thirty Hispano families
RESPONSE: Cebolleta (Seboyeta)
184. CLUES: He discovered a fabulous copper mine // in 1800 // Santa Rita Mine //
RESPONSE: Col. J. Manuel Carrasco
185. CLUES: He said he got lost // expedition into NM in 1807 // sent by Pres. Jefferson //
RESPONSE: Zebulon M. Pike
186. CLUES: Sandía people // Clovis people // Cochise people // Folsom people
RESPONSE: earliest pioneers of NM
187. CLUES: Amerindian ancestors // of modern Pueblo people //
RESPONSE: Anasazi
188. CLUES: Taos Pueblo // Acoma Pueblo //
RESPONSE: oldest Pueblos
189. CLUES: These people entered NM starting around 1400 // Apache // Navajo //
RESPONSE: Athabascan
190. CLUES: Hlauuma/North House // Hlaukwima/South House //
RESPONSE: Taos Pueblo
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
III. The BIOGRAPHEE is…
Level One (Basic)
1. The teacher will say “The BIOGRAPHEE is…” then provide one name from a Profile Biography (all are listed below) or from the BIOGRAPHY WHO?? exercises and call on a student.
2. The student will then provide at least one item of correct information from the named Profile Biography.
EXAMPLE:
Teacher: The biographee is…Manny Aragón. [Call on a student.]
Student: In 2004 he was selected to serve as President of Highlands University in Las Vegas, NM.
Level Two (Advanced)
1. Two teams of 5 students (or any appropriate number) will be chosen to compete against each other.
2. One student (“History Captain”) out of the five will be chosen to present the names of the biographees to the four (4) members of the other team.
3. The Captain will name the biographee and call on a member of the other team (excluding the opposing Captain) to produce an item of correct information from that person’s Profile Biography.
a. Captains will take turns calling on members of the opposing team.
4. The asking Captain’s team members must decide if the answer is correct.
a. If the asking Captain’s team accepts an incorrect answer as correct then the asking Captain’s team gets a minus one point on their team score.
5. A correct answer gets one point for the team answering correctly. (The teacher should keep score or a reliable student can be assigned the task.)
6. An incorrect answer gets the answering team a minus one point score.
7. The teacher will be the final judge on whether or not an answer is correct or incorrect. (For more student participation, a “jury” of two or more students could be assigned to decide if the answer is correct.)
8. A team winner can be declared when a score of plus five (or ten or any other suitable number, to be decided by the teacher) is accumulated.
9. The teacher will decide on rewards for the winning team along with a consolation prize for the team that didn’t win. (Don’t refer to the latter as “losers.”)
Teacher or History Captain: “The biographee is…”
STATEHOOD--B
Abeita, Pablo (p. 494)
Anaya, Rudolfo A. (p. 541)
Aragón, Manny M. (p. 567)
Archibeque, Miguel (p. 504)
Armenta, Loretta A. (p. 605)
Atencio, Tomas (p. 553)
Barela, Patrociño (p. 479)
Cather, Willa (p. 455)
C. de Baca, Ezequiel (p. 435)
Chávez, Dennis (p. 476)
Fechin, Nicolai (p. 457)
Goddard, Robert H. (p. 463)
Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda (p. 573)
Hillerman, Tony (p. 539)
Horgan, Paul (p. 523)
Kessell, John L. (p. 571)
López, José Dolores (p. 434)
López, Nancy (p. 534)
Lucero, Aurora (p. 427)
Luján, Jr., Manuel (p. 459)
Mares, E.A. "Tony" p. 561)
Martínez, Alberto O. (p. 468)
Ortiz, Guadalupita (p. 594)
Ortiz, Simon J. (p. 555)
Ortiz y Pino de Kleven, Concha (p. 483)
Padilla, Sósimo (p. 545)
Rebolledo, Tey Diana (p. 580)
Sánchez, Adelardo (p. 497)
Sánchez, George I. (p. 465)
Sánchez, Raymond G. (p.564)
Sando, Joe S. (p. 581)
Santillanes, Millie (p. 608)
Simmons, Marc (p. 551)
Twitchell, Ralph E. (p. 438)
Ulibarrí, Sabine R. (p. 440)
Vigil-Girón, Rebecca (p. 570)
Vigil, J. Ronald (p. 591)
Williams, James (p. 498)
Willis, J.R. (p. 435)
Alaríd, J.M. Hilario (p. 368 )
Armijo, Isidoro (p. 420)
Baca, Elfego (p. 353)
Catron, Thomas B. (p. 298 )
Chacón, Eusebio (p. 377)
Chacón, Felipe M. (p. 422 )
Chaves, Manuel Antonio (p. 287 )
Chávez, Felipe (p. 413)
Chávez, J. Francisco (p. 412)
Chisum, John (p. 301)
Escobar, José (p. 372)
Fall, Albert Bacon (p. 358)
Fountain, Albert (p. 390)
Huning Brothers (p. 276)
Lummis, Charles Fletcher (p. 381 )
Martínez, Felix (p. 361)
McCarty, Henry (p. 271)
Montaner, José (p. 398)
Montoya, Nestor (p. 362)
Ochoa, Victor L. (p. 374)
Padilla, Camilo (p. 371 )
Read, Benjamin (p. 320 )
Salazar, Enrique H. (p. 386)
Sosa, Enrique (p. 388 )
Tafoya, Luis (p. 382)
Trujillo, Severino (p. 338)
AMERICAN OCCUPATION--B
Arviso, Jesús (p. 241)
Garrett, Pat (p. 245)
Ortiz, Fr. Ramón (p. 239)
MEXICAN PERIOD--B
Armijo, Manuel (p. 184)
Carson, Christopher “Kit” (p. 181)
Gallegos, José Manuel (p. 214)
Manuelito (p. 196)
Agreda, Sor María de Jesús de (p. 48)
Anza, Juan Bautista de (p. 134)
Aragón, José Rafaél (p. 166)
Cebolla, Antonio Sandoval (p. 43)
Córdova, Pedro (p. 147)
Gutiérrez, Clemente (p. 116)
Juárez, Fr. Andrés (p. 43)
Medina, Mariano (p. 162)
Narbona (p. 121)
Oñate, Juan de (p. 19)
Perea, Estevan de (p. 51)
Vargas, Diego de (p. 70)
Vial, Pedro (p. 143)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
IV. Identify/Define/Explain the following:
1. Sandía Man: 12,000 B.C., thought to be the earliest residents of New Mexico.
2. Clovis Man: hunters who roamed NM around 10,000 B.C.
3. Cochise People: lived from the first systematized agriculture (of corn, beans, squash; raised tobacco) in the Southwest. Probably lived in permanent settlements, around 9,000 B.C.
4. Hispalis: 1200 B.C., the Phoenicians identify the country now called “Spain.”
5. Hispani: Phoenician name for people from “Hispalis” (Spain)
6. Hispaniarium: The Romans’ Old Latin name for Spain.
7. Hispania: The Romans’ Modern Latin name for Spain.
8. Western Civilization: cultures of Europe based on Greek and Roman foundations.
9. A.D.: Anno Domini; Year of Our Lord (Birth of Christ)
10. Anasazi: people who lived around 1-700 A.D., thought to be ancestors of the modern Pueblo people of NM.
11. Mogollon Culture: 300-1300 A.D., characterized by pit house architecture and artistic pottery.
12. Chaco Civilization: 700-1300, the highest point of development of the Anasazi.
13. Dark Ages: by around 455 A.D., barbarians from northern Europe have destroyed the Roman Empire.
14. 711 A.D.: Muslim groups invade Spain and soon conquer almost all of the peninsula.
15. Saracens: a highly cultured Arab group that ruled Spain at the beginning of the Muslim conquest.
16. Pelayo: 718 A.D., the first Christian king to begin the reconquest of Spain.
17. Abdu-r-Rahman III; ruler of Spain in 912 A.D. Muslim Spain is the richest, most cultured, and powerful state in all of Europe.
18. Almanzor: by 1000 A.D., this Muslim general has fought most Christian armies to a standstill. But the tide is changing toward the end of the century.
19. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar: El Cid (around 1085 A.D.), the most famous Knight of the Middle Ages.
20. Athabascan: in the Southwest by around 1400, these people are now referred to as Apache and/or Navajo.
21. Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus): 1492, the first European to discover the Western Hemisphere and establish permanent settlements in it.
22. Queen Isabel (Elizabeth): of Spain, decrees in 1504 that Indians of the Americas are to be treated well and brought into the Christian fold.
23. Fray Bartolomé de las Casas: 1516, assigned as the first “Protector of the Indians” of the New World. He becomes immortal and the herculean champion of Amerindian people.
24. Hernán Cortés: conquers Mexico in 1519-21.
25. Motolinía: leader of the first Christian missionaries to enter Mexico City. Cortés and his captains kneel and kiss the hand of each missionary while the Indians watch.
26. First university in the Americas: 1533, University of Mexico City is founded.
27. Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca: 1528-1536, Cabeza de Vaca and three others land in Tampa Bay, Florida, then sail to the Texas coast where they are shipwrecked. They are enslaved by various wandering Indian tribes, escape, and finally arrive in Culiacán, Mexico, in 1536. Cabeza de Vaca’s report on his experience gives rise to the legend of the Seven Cities of Cíbola.
29. A medieval legend had it that when the Muslims conquered Spain a group of seven Spanish bishops and their congregations set sail from Spain and landed in the New World. After the discovery of Mexico and its vast riches the legend grew that “Seven Cities” to the north were also fabulously wealthy.
29. Bishop Zumárraga: first bishop of Mexico.
30. Fray Marcos de Niza: a Franciscan, leads an exploration party to the outskirts of Zuni, NM.
B. EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION
31. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado: first (1540-42) explorer of what is now the Southwest. He and/or his men explored the land (Southwest) from California to Kansas in a two year epic unmatched in the history of the USA.
32. Melchior Díaz: one of Coronado’s captains; discovered California. “America’s first frontiersman…the principal outrider of the Coronado Expedition” according to S. L. Udall.
33. Pedro Tovar: one of Coronado’s captains; first to make contact with the Hopi (Tusayan) villages.
34. García López de Cárdenas: one of Coronado’s captains; his group discovered the Grand Canyon; Pablo de Melgosa led the climbers who tried, unsuccessfully, to descend to the Canyon floor.
35. Hernando de Alvarado: one of Coronado’s captains; the first to explore the Río Grande valley of New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle.
36. Hernando de Alarcón: one of Coronado’s captains; discovered and first to explore the Colorado River.
37. Fray Juan de Padilla: the “Fighting Friar” with the Coronado expedition. The first missionary to be martyred by Indians in the Southwest.
38. Pedro de Castañeda: member of and historian of the Coronado expedition.
39. Francisco de Vitoria: Spanish jurist (d. 1546) who established the foundations of European international law. His philosophy included ideas that the men and women of the New World could not be enslaved by any truly Christian country merely because it had the power to do so.
40. Charles V: King of Spain, (Charles I in Spain, 1516-1555), Holy Roman Emperor. Because of Spanish discoveries in the New World, the phrase was coined: “The sun never sets on the Spanish Empire.”
41. Bartolomé de Las Casas: herculean Missionary (ca. 1550) who became the immortal “Protector of the Indians” of the Americas. He achieved that status because Spanish rulers listened to his efforts to promote Indian welfare.
42. Francis Drake (1540?-1596): Though England and Spain aren’t at war, Queen Elizabeth I of England sends Francis Drake to steal from Spanish galleons and coastal settlements. Drake returns to England such a successful thief that Queen Elizabeth makes him a Knight of the Realm.
43. Rodríguez-Chamuscado Expedition: Missionaries led by Agustín Rodríguez and a few soldiers led by Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado go up the Río Grande Valley (1581) as far as Puaray (Coronado’s “Tiguex,” the area of present-day Bernalillo). Missionaries who stay in the area are later martyred.
44. Antonio de Espejo: finances and leads a small group into NM (1582-83) in hopes of finding the missionaries from the Rodriguez-Chamuscado expedition.
45. Richard Hakluyt (1552?-1616): author of “Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation.” A highly skilled propagandist, S. Udall has written that Hakluyt promoted “Black Legend” information on Spain and her people, that he skewed historical dates and events to make England heroic.
46. Gaspar Castaño de Sosa: leads some 170 people into NM (1590-91) to form a settlement. Because Sosa’s entrada wasn’t legal, all are brought back to Mexico.
47. Leyva-Gutiérrez Expedition: Leyva Bonilla and Gutiérrez Humaña lead a small party up the Río Grande valley (1595) and into the plains. All but two are killed by Indians.
48. Doña Eufemia: Eufemia Sosa de Peñalosa (1598) gives a memorable, stirring speech to fellow colonists going to NM with Oñate when they become dejected over having to wait around so long for the expedition to start. Most of her listeners are convinced to stay.
49. Juan de Oñate: heroic founder of NM (1598), the first colony of Europeans in what is today the USA.
50. Juan and Vicente Zaldívar: nephews of Oñate who were part of the NM colonization effort.
C. PIONEER SETTLEMENT
51. April 30, 1598: Oñate and his settlers take official possession of NM
52. July 11, 1598: a site is chosen at San Juan Pueblo for colonists to make their homes and is called San Juan de los Caballeros (Knights of St. John). (It is the first colony of Europeans in what is today the USA.)
53. August 18, 1598: the main caravan of settlers arrives at San Juan de los Caballeros.
54. El Camino Real (de Tierra Adentro): The Royal Road, The King’s Highway, extends from Mexico City to San Juan Pueblo in NM Almost 2000 miles in length, it remains the longest road in North America for centuries.
55. First buffalo (bison) hunt: Vicente de Zaldívar leads an expedition (1600) out onto the plains on a successful bison (buffalo) hunt.
56. Zutucapán: a minor chieftain at Acoma who speaks for war to destroy the Spanish invaders.
57. Ambush at Acoma: Juan de Zaldívar and 31 of his men stop to trade at Acoma when they are attacked by Acoma warriors. Only five survive the surprise attack. Juan is among the dead.
58. Acoma War: January, 1599, a legal war is declared on Acoma. Vicente de Zaldívar, brother of the slain Juan, leads the expedition of 72 soldiers. After three days of fighting, the Acomas are defeated in battle.
59. Santiago: St. James, Patron Saint of Spain.
60. San Gabriel: Oñate moves (1600) his settlement across the river and names it San Gabriel.
61. Jumano War: (1600) The Jumano villagers give the Spanish tribute (tax) collector “stones to eat” instead of corn. Unwilling to risk another surprise attack as at Acoma, Vicente Zaldívar leads (1601) 50 soldiers and destroys most of the village.
62. gamuza: buckskin (a soft, tanned hide from deer or antelope). Hispanic colonists make their clothes of buckskin (the first Europeans to do so).
63. don (doña): De Origen Noble (of noble origin) honorific title bestowed by Philip III (1602) to all colonists who settled and lived in NM according to contractual obligations.
64. Acoma resettled, 1604. This was an effort to heal the wounds from the war of five years before. (No mention is made anywhere of Acomas missing a foot so it is probable the “foot-cutting” sentence was never carried out.)
65. “Pasó por aquí el adelantado don Juan de Oñate del descubrimiento de la mar del sur a 16 de abril de 1605.”
Written on El Morro (Inscription Rock), the first inscription written in a European language in what is now the USA.
66. Cabildo: Town Council (created in Santa Fe, 1605)
67. El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de La Mancha: the novel by Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra. Part II was published 10 years later and became one of the most popular books in Western Civilization.
68. Blue Robes: Franciscans in NM wore blue robes. (Jesuits, in other Americas, wore black and became known as “Black Robes.”
69. “Missionary field:” after Oñate’s resignation in 1607, authorities in Mexico City decided to keep NM as a missionary field to bring Indians into the Christian fold.
70. “supply caravan:” starting in 1608 a supply caravan was sent to NM around every three years. It was the only safe way into or out of NM.
71. ca. 1608: Santa Fe (La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís) is founded.
72. “History of New Mexico.” Historia de la Nueva Mexico is published (1610) in Spain. Written by Gaspar Perez de Villagrá, the work is written as an epic poem.
73. Fray Isidro Ordoñez arrived in NM in 1612 and set a precedent of feuding between civil and Church authorities.
74. Mission San Agustín: church built at Isleta Pueblo in 1612.
75. “Rio Grande Blankets” and “footless tube socks” are among products manufactured in NM by 1614.
76. Encomienda system: a person is “granted” specific Indian groups to labor for him in exchange for duties like raising an army to defend NM.
77. Repartimiento: a person can petition the government to allow him to use Indian laborers. The Indians must be paid and fed during the time allowed.
78. Fray Esteban de Perea: Father of the Church in NM, arrived in 1617.
79. Fuente Ovejuna: drama by Lope de Vega, produced in Spain in 1619; one of the most popular dramas in Western Civilization.
80. Fray Andrés Juárez: Missionary to Pecos Pueblo; supervised the building of the Pecos Church, the largest and most magnificent in all NM.
81. Pueblo town government is established (1621) at all Pueblos.
82. Silver crowned canes are given to Pueblo governors as a symbol of authority of office.
83. La Conquistadora: statue of Our Lady of the Rosary (Our Lady of Peace) brought to NM around 1625.
84. Pueblo agriculture: centered around the cultivation of corn, beans, squash.
85. Hispanic agriculture brought many foods new to NM: wheat, barley, cabbage, onions, lettuce, varieties of melons, tomatoes, grapes, and fruit trees like quince, apricot, peach, pear, plum, apple. From Mexico the settlers brought chile and improved varieties of corn. They also brought beef, pork, mutton, and goat brought over from Spain.
86. Fray Alonso de Benavides arrived in NM in 1626 and became famous as a promoter for the NM mission system.
87. Sor María de Jesús de Agreda, a Spanish nun, the “Lady in Blue,” reported by the Jumano Indians as having appeared to them (1629) in eastern NM.
88. “You Christians are crazy!” During Good Friday rites, an Indian medicine man from Chililí shouts violently at fray Alonso de Benavides: “YOU CHRISTIANS ARE CRAZY AND YOU DESIRE THAT WE IN THIS VILLAGE ALSO GO CRAZY! YOU GO THROUGH THE STREETS IN GROUPS, WHIPPING YOURSELVES UNTIL YOU BLEED AND YOU WANT EVERYBODY HERE TO DO THE SAME! YOU ARE ALL MADMEN! I WILL NOT GO MAD FOR YOUR BENEFIT! You Christians are Crazy! I WILL NOT GO CRAZY!
89. True Relation of the Grreat Conversion in New Mexico is written by fray Esteban de Perea and published (1632) in Spain.
90. “Golden Age of Franciscan Missions in NM:” the years 1610-1635.
91. Residencia: an obligatory but routine investigation into a Governor’s administration, conducted by the next Governor.
92. NM hairstyles: women wear their hair braided and tied into a bun at the back of the head; men wear their hair in two braids. Short hair is a punishment reserved for criminals.
93. Trade Fair: ca. 1650, one of NM’s first trade fairs is held, probably in the Taos area.
94. Protector of the Indians: an individual assigned to guard Indian welfare in major disputes; a position generally filled by a prominent Hispanic citizen.
95. Francisco Gomez Robledo and the Inquisition: Gómez Robledo, a prominent New Mexican is charged (1662) with, among other things, being a Jew. He is acquitted of all charges.
96. drought and famine: NM is plagued with these catastrophes during the years 1666-1670.
97. Dead Man’s Route: Bernardo Gruber, a German peddler, is jailed by the Inquisition. Some 27 months later he finally escapes with an Apache companion but in time his remains are discovered in the desert country south of Socorro which takes on the nickname, Jornada del Muerto, Dead Man’s Route.
98. Witchcraft: hard times in NM bring out a resurgence of dark arts.
99. Fray Francisco de Ayeta: Fray Francisco arrives in NM in 1675 and reports that the entire province is on the verge of collapse because of the drought and resultant famine. He goes to Mexico City twice for supplies and the second time he is due return to NM in 1680.
D. PUEBLO REVOLT//ST. LAWRENCE DAY MASSACRE
(August 10, 1680)
100. Popé and Otermín: Popé was one of the principal leaders of the surprise Pueblo uprising. Antonio de Otermín was the Governor of Hispanic N.M. (The phrase “Pueblo Revolt” is generally used to promote the idea that the massacre was a “blow” for “freedom” against “tyranny.” This is the only time in the history of the USA that an Indian uprising is promoted as something positive.)
101. knotted cords: used to signal in how many days the surprise massacre would take place.
102. Poheyemo: a spirit, “who was very tall and black, with frightful eyes that are large and yellow,” said to guide Popé.
103. Other leaders with Popé: Luis and Lorenzo Tupatú (from Picurís), Antonio Malacate (Cochití), Francisco El Ollita and Nicolás Jonva (San Ildefonso), Domingo Romero (Tesuque), Antonio Bolsas (Santa Fe), Cristóbal Yope (San Lázaro), Alonzo Catiti (Santo Domingo), El Jaca (or Saca, from Taos), Domingo Naranjo (Santa Clara)...
104. Fray Juan Pío: walked from Santa Fe to Tesuque to say mass. When he found the warriors in war paint he said: “What is this, are you mad? Do not disturb yourselves. I will help you and die a thousand deaths for you.” The warriors riddled him with arrows.
105. “Death to all Christians!” was the motto of the St. Lawrence Day Massacre promoted by Popé.
106. Petronila de Salas and family: (a typical individual tragedy during the Massacre that is generally portrayed as a “blow for Freedom!”) Petronila and her ten children were all murdered in their home. [It is estimated that there were about 170 colonists in N.M. who could bear arms against an approximate 8,000 warriors, for a possible ratio of 47 to 1.]
107. Spanish Archives in Santa Fe: all were burned by the Pueblos.
108. Fray Juan de Jesús of Jémez: fray Juan is told he was going to be “knighted;” he is stripped naked, then forced to ride a pig, kicked to the ground by warriors, who then ride on his back. Fray Juan tells them: “Do with me as you wish for this joy of yours will not last and in ten years you will consume each other.” Warriors strike him with war clubs until his face is unrecognizable.
109. Oraibi: Hopi village in which the murderers of the two friars wore Kachina masks while they did their work.
110. Fray Lucas and Fray Juan de Val at Acoma: the two friars and a Christian mestiza are stripped naked then tied together, the woman in the middle. They are paraded around the pueblo while they are whipped. At the entrance of the convent all Acomas are invited to stone the three to death. When they are down and dying the “warriors” lance them time and again until they are dead. Their bloody bodies are dragged around the pueblo once more then thrown into the village garbage pit.
111. Bernabé Márquez at Los Cerrillos: Márquez family members and Other villagers hold off their attackers until they are rescued by a squad of soldiers from Santa Fe.
112. Alonso García: Maese de Campo (military Leader) for his district, he is informed that all Christians up north have been slaughtered. At Isleta Pueblo the Christians, including Christian Indians who have an automatic death sentence on them from Popé, vote to leave for El Paso and García leads them south.
113. “Your god is dead!!” is what the Pueblos yelled at the Christians holed up in Santa Fe. “Your god is dead, the god who was your father is dead and Mary who is your mother and your saints are pieces of rotten wood…”
114. Franciscan Martyrs (21): The 21 Franciscan missionaries killed during the St. Lawrence Day Massacre include: Juan Bernal, José Espeleta, José Figueroa, Juan de Jesús María, Francisco Lorenzana, Lucas Maldonado, José Montes de Oca, Antonio Mora, Luis Morales, Juan Pedrosa, Juan Bautista Pío, Matías Rendón, Antonio Sánchez, Agustín de Santa María, Juan Talabán, Manuel Tinoco, José Trujillo, Tomás Torres, Juan del Val, Fernando Velasco, Domingo Vera.
115. Pecos Pueblo Church: the most beautiful church in all NM, is totally destroyed.
116. “To your health, Reverend Father.” Pope’s toast to Catiti while drinking out of a church chalice after the successful massacre.
117. “And to yours, Excellency.” Catiti’s returning toast to Popé.
118. Otermín’s effort at reconquest in 1681 failed because the Pueblos, thinking they would be massacred in return for the St. Lawrence Day Massacre, desert their villages.
119. Popé deposed. Otermín learns (1681) that Popé has been deposed due to his tyrannical rule and excessive demands for grain, livestock, and women.
120. Anarchy in Pueblo land. Forcing Hispanic settlers to flee to El Paso (part of NM at that time) doesn’t end the drought or food shortages; civil war erupts, Pueblo against Pueblo, in efforts to rule; and mounted Apaches raiders target everybody. Drought continues for nine more years while hunger and pestilence rule Pueblo land.
E. RECONQUEST
121. Bartolomé de Ojeda: (from Zía and Cochití pueblos?) a Pueblo ladino (fluent in the Spanish language) communicates with NM Pueblo leaders (at around 1691), assuring them they will not be exterminated because of the St. Lawrence Day Massacre. He also notifies them that their lands will not be confiscated in reprisal. He takes land grant title papers from Gov. Domingo Jironza Petriz Cruzate to the pueblos of Acoma, Jémez, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Zía, Cochití, Pecos, Picurís, San Juan, and Zuñi.
122. Diego de Vargas: NM’s valiant Governor (1692) who vowed to return Hispanic settlers to upper NM without exterminating the Indians in the process.
123. Spanish Horse has now proliferated (1680-1692) through many Indian groups living in North America, changing their lives like no other European contribution ever did.
124. Capt. Roque de Madrid: leads (1692) the first military expedition into upper NM. (He is later to write a very well received on the Navajo people.) Vargas brings up the rest of his 50 presidial soldiers and 100 or so Pueblo auxiliaries. The Pueblo people say they want peace and not a single battle is fought.
125. Luis and Lorenzo Tupatú: from Picurís Pueblo, important leaders during the 1680 Massacre, are officially pardoned (1692) by Gov. Vargas.
126. Mercurio Volante: written (1693) by Professor Carlos de Sigüenza in Spain, a tribute to Vargas’ bloodless reconquest of NM.
127. Recolonization of NM: some 800 people return (1693; not all came at the same time) to upper NM. (These people are ancestors of most Hispanics who live in NM today.)
128. Juan de Ye: Leader of Pecos Pueblo (1694) who became close friends with Governor Vargas. He was assassinated by the Taos people while on a peace mission.
129. NM Demography: writing about the people who populated NM.
130. “The Hundred Gentlemen Soldiers from Spain:” individuals who had been born in Spain and came to NM with Vargas.
131. Españoles Mexicanos: individuals who had been living in the Valley or City of Mexico before they came to NM.
132. Zacatecas-Sombrerete Colonists: people who had been living in these mining communities before they came to NM
133. primo / prima: in time so many New Mexicans were related that they referred to each other as “cousin.”
134. Santa Cruz: refounded in 1695.
135. Rebellion of June, 1696: some pueblos, in league with some plains Indians, rise in rebellion against Hispanic NM but pueblos like Pecos, Tesuque, San Felipe, Santa Ana, and Zía remain loyal. Christian forces under Governor Vargas win the day and there is a permanent peace in Pueblo land by December. As before, the Pueblo people are not exterminated and it is the beginning of a lasting alliance between the Hispanic and Pueblo people of NM
F. FRONTIER LIFE
136. Antonia Moraga: petitions (1696) Gov. Vargas for a grant of land. It is granted.
137. Jacques Grolet: living in Bernalillo (1697), this Frenchman, who had been with LaSalle, becomes Hispanicized and progenitor of the Gurulé families.
138. Laguna Pueblo: is created in 1698.
139. Mesilla of San Ildefonso land grant: made to José Trujillo in 1700; the first land grant in the Española Basin.
140. Private Land Grant: a grant of land made to one individual.
141. Community Land Grant: a grant of land made to a group of people. All members in the grant could use the “common lands” (referred to in Spanish as ejidos, montes, pastos, abrevaderos, leña, árboles frutales, caza, pesca, etc.) but because they were owned by all, by Hispanic law no individual could sell them or their share of usage in them.
142. Bernallillo: is founded 1702.
143. Atrisco: is founded (south of present Albuquerque) in 1703.
144. Faraón Apaches: Apache groups living to the east of Río Grande settlements.
145. April 8, 1704: Governor Diego de Vargas dies.
146. Torreones: defensive circular towers (watchtowers) built to withstand Indian attacks.
147. Comanches: identified as being in NM by at least 1705.
148. Alburquerque: founded in 1706.
149. genízaro: usually a plains Indian (not a Pueblo) living in or around an Hispanic settlement.
150. Picurís Rescue Mission: Juan de Ulibarrí is assigned (1706) to escort refugees from Picurís Pueblo back to their village. They had fled to Colorado during the 1696 revolt and it was believed they were being enslaved by Apaches. The humanitarian effort returned the Picurís to their village.
151. El Capitán: the expedition led by Juan de Ulibarrí identified (1706) the high peak in southern Colorado and named it El Capitán. (Now called “Pike’s Peak.”)
152. Domingo Romero: Pueblo Indian Leader from Tesuque in 1709.
153. Felipe Chistoe: Pueblo Indian Leader from Pecos in 1709.
154. Santa Fe Fiesta: established in Sept., 1712
155. Francisca Gigosa: granted land in Taos Valley, 1715
156. Los Lunas: founded in 1716.
157. Villasur Expedition: Pedro de Villasur is ordered (1720) to investigate rumors of French incursions aimed at New Mexico. His expedition goes as far as central Nebraska where it is attacked by Indians. About 45 Hispanics die in the attack.
158. Segesser Hide Painting: (named for its collector) thought to be the earliest extant painting drawn in NM (and therefore the USA), it depicts the battle of the Villasur Expedition.
159. Taos Fair: By 1723 the Taos Fair is formally established as the chief trading event for plains and mountain tribes. Comanches are the most important, and volatile, participants.
160. Embudo: founded in 1725.
161. mestizaje: racial or ethnic mixing
162. Alcalde Mayor: the Governor’s representative in a community
163. Teniente Alcalde: Lieutenant of the Alcalde Mayor
164. Reglamento de 1729: laws to govern frontier areas like NM. Among other things, they recognize that Christian Indians are an integral part of Hispanic NM.
165. Episcopal Visitations to NM:
1730: Bishop Benito Crespo
1737: Bishop Martín de Elizacoechea
1760: Bishop Pedro Tamarón
166. Santiago Roybal: New Mexico’s First native priest (1730) returns to minister in his native land.
167. Elena Gallegos: owner (1731) of the Elena Gallegos land grant east of Albuquerque, makes her last will and testament.
168. Miguel de Quintana: from Santa Cruz, is investigated (1734) by the Inquisition over a period of five years. (Because of the investigation, Quintana’s writings survive to the present day.)
169. Tomé: is founded in 1739.
170. Pierre and Paul Mallet: two Frenchmen (brothers) appear (1739) in NM in an effort to establish trade relations.
171. Belén: land grant made in 1740, settlement is refounded in 1742.
172. Córdova: is founded in 1748.
173. Comanches and Pecos Pueblo: Comanches target Pecos Pueblo during 1746 to 1748. Governor Codallos and his troops, along with Pecos defenders, finally defeat (1748) some 300 Comanche attackers who had vowed to wipe Pecos Pueblo off the face of the earth.
174. Arrieros: Mule packers, muleteers; transporters of goods. Famous for their dependability and honesty, they also become known as “men who never turn their backs on friend or foe.”
175. Antonio Fresquis: santero born in the Chimayó area around 1749.
176. Velarde: founded in 1750, named in honor of Juan Matías Velarde.
177. Sheep Ranching: NM’s most important industry by 1750.
178. Pastores (Borregueros): Sheepherders. They often rode on horseback and usually employed highly trained sheep dogs.
179. Churro: the tough breed of sheep that thrived in NM
180. Partido system: A sheep owner would lend a specified number of ewes to an individual (partidario) to care for them for a specified period of time (3 to 5 years). Each year the partidario would pay the owner around 20% of the increase of the flock plus 20% of the yearly wool harvest. At the end of the contract period the partidario would return the original flock to the owner, retaining the increase of animals and his share of the wool.
181. Beginning of Santero Period of NM folk art: 1750
182. 18th Century Novice NM santero working from 1750-1805
183. “Trampas 12:” Las Trampas Land grant awarded in 1751to Juan de Argüello and eleven other “Tramperos.”
184. Clemente Gutiérrez: an entrepreneur who was one of New Mexico’s wealthiest traders and sheep kings by his death in 1785.
185. Bernardo Miera y Pacheco: arrived in NM in 1754 and became a recognized santero, cartographer, and military officer.
187. Acequias irrigation ditches, the life-blood of NM agriculture.
188. Diego de Trujillo: arrives in the Chimayó area around 1765 and begins the Trujillo family weaving tradition.
189. Polvadera land grant: awarded to Juan Pablo Martín in 1766.
190. 1767 NM Christian settlements surrounded: by Utes to the north, Comanches to the east, Apaches to the south, Navajos to the west.
191. Cuerno Verde: Comanche chieftain, first identified in 1768. He wears a headdress that places a green horn on his forehead and his followers treat him as the undisputed leader. He is the implacable enemy of Pueblo and Hispanic NM.
192. Josefa Bustamante: the wealthiest woman in NM in 1769.
193. Comanche raid on El Valle: In 1771 around 500 mounted Comanches attack El Valle (on the Las Trampas land grant) and many farmer-rancher settlers are killed.
194. Carlos Fernández: Indian fighter commissioned by Governor Mendinueta to retaliate against the Comanches in 1774. His expedition captures hundreds of Comanches but raids intensify.
195. Hispanic Population of NM in 1776: Hispanics number about 9, 742.
Fray Francisco Atanasio Domínguez author of “The Missions of New Mexico,” a comprehensive inventory and description of NM missions in 1776.
196. Doctrinarios: Native American youngsters living in a religious convent and educated by missionaries to help promote the Christian Faith.
197. Domínguez – Escalante Expedition of 1776: Franciscan friars Francisco Dominguez and Silvestre de Escalante lead a party of nine explorers, one of whom was Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, in an effort to chart a trail to Monterey, California. Starting from Santa Fe, they explore parts of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona before returning home, without reaching Monterrey.
198. Fray Andrés García NM santero who created art from about 1776-86.
199. Fray Juan Agustin de Morfi: wrote his impressions of life in NM in his work titled Account of Disorders in New Mexico, 1778.
200. Juan B. De Anza: arrives in NM in 1778 at the age of 42. He is already an heroic Southwestern personality because of his frontier work in Sonora, Arizona, and California. (Historian H.E. Bolton writes that Anza was an incomparable figure in Southwest history.)
201. Chief Ecueracapa: (Leather Cape) Comanche chief who wanted to make peace with NM.
202. Chief Toroblanco: Comanche chief who wanted to continue the war with NM.
203. Comanche Peace: from 1786-1846 and into the Territorial years, the Comanche Peace agreed to by Anza and chieftains like Ecueracapa lasted unbroken for generations. The alliance is second in importance only to that with the Pueblo people. NM is now stabilized.
204. Comanche people: are described by Hispanic writers as “robust, good looking, and happy; of a martial, honest, and generous character.”
205. Comancheros: master plainsmen; Hispanic and Pueblo New Mexicans who went east to trade with the Comanches, Utes, Kiowas, Cheyenne, etc.
206. Comanchero Trade: became “big business” once the Comanche Peace was established. NM trade items included Comanche bread, cornmeal, wheat flour, sugar, dried pumpkins, onions, tobacco, barley meal, saddlery, dry goods, lances, tomahawks. In return, Comanches traded buffalo meat, hides, horses, mules, and guns.
207. Sarah Ann Horn: a Comanche captive, ransomed to freedom by Comanchero traders.
208. Symbols of authority: given to Indian leaders were silver handled canes, silver medals, scarlet cloaks.
209. Escopeta: musket
210. Carabina: carbine; early model of a rifle
211. Cibolero: Hispano buffalo lancer (not to be confused with the “hide hunters” from the USA). The cibolero hunted the buffalo with a lance and harvested virtually every part of the buffalo for use back in NM.
212. Pedro Vial: greatest trailblazer in the history of the Southwest.
1787: Vial blazes a trail from San Antonio to Santa Fe.
1788: Vial maps a trail from Santa Fe to Natchitoches to San Antonio, then back to Santa Fe.
1792: Vial maps a trail to St. Louis, Missouri. (This later becomes known as the SANTA FE TRAIL.)
213. José Mares: duplicates Vial’s feat (1787), only in reverse, from Santa Fe to San Antonio.
214. NM society in 1790: About 93% of New Mexicans held no servants or slaves.
215. Population of NM in 1790: There are some 16, 358 Hispanics living in NM.
216. Laguna Santero: is thought to have arrived in NM around 1790. He works here for some ten years.
217. Pedro Antonio Fresquis: is creating santero art from 1790 to 1830.
218. Captain Taschelnate: warrior leader (1791) from Isleta Pueblo.
219. Antonio José (Father) Martínez: is born (1793) in Abiquiú.
220. San Miguel del Bado land grant: awarded in 1794 to Lorenzo Márquez and 51 other heads of families.
221. Pedro Córdova: is born (1794) in Córdova.
222. Don Fernández de Taos land grant: is made in 1796.
223. Hispanic Women: in 1796 outnumber Hispanic men by a ratio of 10 to 8. (Defending the frontier has taken its toll on the male population of NM.)
224. J. Rafael Aragón: (santero) is born (1796) in Santa Fe.
225. Juan Candelaria: pioneer sheep rancher of NM and AZ, imports four purebred Merinos into NM.
226. Population of NM in 1799: Living in NM are 23,648 Hispanics (includes those in El Paso) and around 10,557 (presumably Pueblo) Indians.
227. J. Manuel Carrasco discovers (1800) a fabulous deposit of copper that comes to be known as the Santa Rita Mine.
228. Cebolleta (Seboyeta) land grant: is awarded (1800) to 30 families from the Atrisco-Albuquerque area.
229. Santero Art: “a truly rare, indigenous art form” with no precedents in the rest of the USA. (Santero Art is as unique, for example, as American Jazz music.)
230. Rafael Luna: is born (1802) in Taos (first of the five-generation Luna family tradition of filigree jewelers; filigree jewelry is a traditional NM gift to one’s betrothed before marriage.)
231. Report (1803) by Gov. Chacón: states in part that “NM isn’t poor as it is generally represented.”
232. Navajos attack Cebolleta (Seboyeta): in 1804 at least a thousand Navajos attack the 30 families living in Cebolleta. After many heroics, the attack is repulsed.
233. Jean Batiste Lalande: a Frenchman, arrives (1804) in Santa Fe with trade goods. He is jailed immediately because he had no authority for trading.
234. Vaccination: against smallpox is introduced (1805) in NM.
235. James Purcell: a Kentuckian, arrives (1805) in Santa Fe with trade goods. He is jailed immediately.
236. Cañon del Río de Chama (San Joaquín land grant): is awarded (1806) to Francisco Salazar and some 30 heads of families.
237. Zebulon M. Pike: leads a spy expedition (1807) into NM in order supply President Jefferson with information on possible American expansion.
238. Bazán brothers Juan and Ignacio Ricardo: master weavers from Mexico City arrive (1807) in Santa Fe to work with NM weavers.
239. La Joya de Sevilleta: starting point for the trade caravans going to Chihuahua and points south.
240. Cebolla, Antonio Sandoval: Navajo leader born in 1807.
241. Mesteñero: wild horse cowboy; mustanger.
242. El Lazo de las Animas: (The Lariat bond of Souls) money used to pay for masses in honor of mustangers who have died.
243. Trujillo brothers Pedro and Celedón: from Las Vegas, NM, the most famous mesteñeros (mustangers) on the Great Plains.
244. Teodoro Gonzáles: renowned mustanger.
245. Santuario de Chimayó: the chapel built in 1814-16 becomes known as the “Lourdes of America.”
246. La Joya: founded in 1811
245. Exposición sucinta y sencilla de la provincia del Nuevo Mexico: written by Pedro Bautista Pino and published (1812) in Spain; describes life in NM; warns that the USA would like to take NM.
246. Mariano Medina: mountain man, born (ca. 1812) in Taos.
247. (Fr.) José Manuel Gallegos: is born (1815) in Abiquiú.
248. Manzano: is founded in 1816.
249. Manuel Lisa: the leading American fur trader working (1816) out of St. Louis.
250. Manuel Antonio Chaves: is born (1818) is born at Atrisco.
251. “A.J.:” santero working from 1820-1840.
252. José Aragón: santero working from 1820-1835.
253. September 27, 1821: Mexico wins its independence from Spain. New Mexico is now a part of Mexico.
254. “Mountain Men:” like Kit Carson are written about in the USA.
255. Treaty of Córdova: recognizes (1821) all Indians as citizens of Mexico. The designation of “genízaro” is officially dropped.
256. Town of Las Vegas land grant: is made in 1821 to M. Luis Baca and his seventeen (17) sons.
257. “Baca Locations:” because another “Town of Las Vegas grant” is made in 1835, the Baca family uncomplicates matters by taking an equivalent amount of land in five lieu selections which become known as “Baca Locations.”
258. “Foreigners” in NM: from 1821 to 1846 there are ninety (90) foreigners who are baptized in order to marry NM women.
259. Francisco X. de Chávez: is the first native born New Mexican to serve (1822) as Governor.
260. Trade restrictions: are lifted (1822) and American traders are permitted to enter NM.
261. William Becknell: the Missouri Frenchman who wandered into Santa Fe with trade goods in 1822.
262. Carlos Beaubien: French-Canadian who came to NM in 1823, settled in Taos, traded with the mountain men.
263. J. Antonio Viscarra: Indian fighter, Governor of NM, 1822-23.
264. Brothers of Our Father Jesus: Penitente Brotherhood.
265. Morada: Penitente meeting hall.
266. Hermano Mayor: Elder Brother
267. Velorio: wake.
268. La Cuaresma: Lent.
269. Semana Santa: Holy Week
270. Alabado: religious hymn.
271. “Missouri Mules:” were NM mules traded to Missouri (and the Southern states).
272. José Escudero: a Chihuahua merchant who led (1824) a Santa Fe business delegation to various parts of the Mississippi Valley in an effort to encourage trade with NM and Chihuahua.
273. Ceran St. Vrain: a Frenchman from Missouri; arrives in Taos in 1625.
274. Manuel Simon Escudero: led a trading mission to Missouri (1825) with a pack train of 500 mules loaded with trade goods. Escudero thus became the west-to-east “Father of the Santa Fe Trade.”
275. Arroyo Hondo Santero: was working from around 1825-50.
276. Christopher “Kit” Carson: arrives in NM (1826), settles in Taos.
277. Padre Martínez: is installed (1826) as the Pastor of Taos.
278. Taos and Fur Trappers: Fur trappers, mostly American and French, use Taos as their base of operations.
279. Beaver: despite the law, beaver is trapped to extinction by the mountain men.
280. Manuel Armijo: served as Governor of NM three different times. (Armijo is tied with Bruce King, who has also served as Governor three different times.)
281. George Kendall: hated Gov. Armijo because as a member of the invading Texas-Santa Fe Expedition (1841) Armijo’s forces captured Kendall and the Texans, forced the invaders to walk to Mexico City.
282. Josiah Gregg: author of “Commerce of the Prairies,” hated Gov. Armijo because Gregg considered “Mexicans” to be inferior people.
283. W.W.H. Davis: the first U.S. Attorney in NM, author of “El Gringo, or New Mexico and Her People,” wrote that New Mexicans like Gov. Armijo were inferior to “Anglo-Saxons,” who were superior to all other people. (Davis disappeared from NM after being charged with embezzling federal funds.)
284. Debt peonage: debt that never ends; American writers often referred to it as “debt peonage slavery,” rationalizing that black slaves in the American South were better off. (Dr. David Weber has pointed out that the “peon” was not a slave by law nor was peonage hereditary nor was it limited to one group or race of people.)
285. Placer de Dolores: gold mines are discovered (1828) in the Ortiz Mts. southeast of Santa Fe. The Nuevo Placer strike is made in 1839.
286. U.S. Cavalry: American soldiers assigned to protect caravans on the Santa Fe Trail are at a disadvantage because they are on foot while raiders are on horseback. Washington authorities finally give permission to use horses and the U.S. Cavalry is born (1829).
287.. Old Spanish Trail(s): Antonio Armijo from Abiquiu leads a trading expedition (1829-30) to California, pioneering a westward route along the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. (Teenager Rafael Rivera gets temporarily separated from the group and becomes the first non-Indian to discover the Las Vegas Valley of Nevada.) Despite desert hardships, the expedition is successful and the journey becomes a yearly event in which wives and children often accompany the traders.
288. “Circle the wagons!” Cibolero hunters form their wagons into a circle when threatened by hostile Indians.
289. Quill Pen Santero: is working from 1830-50.
290. Santo Niño Santero: is working from 1830-60.
290. Nepomuceno Alario: from Santa Fe is among the first students to go to school in Missouri (1831).
292. Treaty of Amity and Commerce: is signed (1831) between Mexico and the USA, with the USA designated as a “most favored nation.”
294. Ojeada sobre Nuevo Mexico (A Glimpse at New Mexico): a report written by visiting attorney Antonio Barreiro (the only lawyer in NM).
295. Tierra Amarilla land grant: is made (1832) to Manuel Martínez as “principal petitioner.”
296. Bent’s Fort: is completed (1832) in southern Colorado.
297. Customary Law: a Spanish legal system used in NM which aims at conciliation instead of a winner-loser outcome.
299. Mariano Chaves y Castillo: from Los Padillas, sends 30,000 head of sheep to Durango, Mexico in 1832. (This is the largest shipment of the Mexican period of NM history.)
300. J. Francisco Chaves: is born (1833) in Los Padillas.
301. Cubero: is founded in 1833.
302. Bishop J. Antonio López de Zubiría: visits (1833) NM.
303. Rafael Chacón: is born (1833).
304. Printing press: Ramon Abreú of Santa Fe brings (1833) the first printing press to NM.
305. El Crepúsculo de la Libertad (The Dawn of Liberty): First (1834) newspaper published in NM (and first east of the Mississippi); published by Antonio Barreiro.
306. Felipe Chávez: is born (1835) at Los Padillas. He becomes known as “El Millionario.”
307. Cuaderno de Ortografía: the first book to be printed in NM, a spelling primer published by Fr. Martínez of Taos. (Martínez bought Ramon Abreú’s printing press and took it to Taos where he printed items necessary for use in his school.)
308. Department of New Mexico: governmental designation (1837) for NM while under Mexico. The Department is threatened on all sides: to the north is Bent’s Fort which is considered a possible base for American invasion; to the east is the slave Republic of Texas which claims its boundary to the Río Grande River; to the south are the Gila and Mescalero Apaches who can wage war and block the road to Mexico at their will; to the west are Navajos who can be fierce raiders or trading partners.
309. Pony Express: a solitary horseman known as an “extraordinario violento” is employed (1837) to take mail to and bring it from Mexico.
310. American traders in Santa Fe: some are highly cultured while others are shameless smugglers; their teamsters are often rowdy frontier types, always armed, often drunk, troublesome at dances and public gatherings.
311. Revolt of 1837: begins as a protest against new taxes but soon an army gathers to fight the forces of Governor Pérez. Pérez is killed in the vicinity of Agua Fria road in Santa Fe. An army from the south elects Manuel Armijo to lead forces to put down the rebellion, which he does.
312. Trinidad Gabaldón: “the belle of NM,” married Manuel Armijo.
313. Pecos Pueblo: is abandoned (1838), the few remaining Pecos people moving to Jémez Pueblo.
314. José Cordero: is among the NM traders’ caravan (1839) of more than 100 wagons full of trade goods for sale in the USA.
315. Matt Field: travels to NM in 1839 and writes articles about the land and people. The articles are published in the New Orleans Picayune. (His work isn’t as racist as that of other writers.) Among many other things, he describes the gambling casino run by Gertrudis Barceló, “La Tules.”
316. NM textiles: are of three types: sabanilla—a plain weave wool cloth used in clothing, mattresses, backing, etc.; jerga—a coarsely woven cloth used for saddle blankets, floor coverings, etc.; Río Grande blankets—used for bedding, seating, etc.
317. Texan-Santa Fe Expedition of 1841: President Lamar of Texas outfits a group of some 300 men to claim the Texas boundary to the Río Grande river. The baggage includes cannon but also trading goods in order to claim it is a trading expedition. The Texans get lost on the way to Santa Fe, are attacked by Indians, and are captured easily by Gov. Armijo’s militia forces.
318. “Texian Invincibles” is how the invading Texans of 1841 referred to themselves.
319. George W. Kendall: editor of the New Orleans Picayune newspaper, was among the Texas invaders captured in 1841. In his account of the episode, Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1844) he vilified Gov. Armijo and most things about NM.
320. Beaubien-Miranda land grant: a huge tract of land east of the Sangre de Cristo mountains, made in 1841 to Carlos Beaubien and Guadalupe Miranda. (Fr. Martínez of Taos criticized it as being illegal due to its size, that Charles Bent was a silent partner in the illegal deal, etc.)
321. Cuesta (then called San Antonio): is founded (1842).
322. Higinio V. Gonzales (who becomes an accomplished tinsmith, santero, and musician) is born (1842).
323. Texas Bandits on the Santa Fe Trail: groups of marauders led by Col. Charles A. Warfield, John M. McDaniel, and Col. Jacob Snively are sent from Texas to steal from Santa Fe Trail caravans.
324. Kit Carson and Josefa Jaramillo marry in 1843. The bride is 15 years old.
325. Gov. M. Chávez: “We are surrounded on all sides…by many tribes of heartless barbarians, almost perishing; and our brothers in Mexico instead of helping us are at each other’s throats in their festering civil wars.” (1844)
326. Peter Harmony, Nephews and Co. is a New York importer of European items sent along the Santa Fe Trail. By 1846 the trade is valued at $1,000,000 with 363 wagons crossing the plains.
327. Commerce of the Prairies by Josiah Gregg (1844) is widely read in the USA, causing various negative impressions to be formed about the people of NM.
328. Lucien B. Maxwell and Luz Beaubien marry in 1844. (Luz is the daughter of Carlos Beaubien, owner of the huge land grant which carries his name.)
329. Wages in 1844 are from three pesos to six pesos a month.
330. Horsemanship is a skill valued above all else by NM males. (New Mexicans are among the best horsemen in the world.)
331. Status of Women in NM as of 1844: women can own land (in which husbands have no voice if acquired before marriage; this is a stark contrast to the women of England and the USA), they have legal rights in court, have a powerful status as mothers, outnumber men in settled communities.
332. Trobadores (Extemporaneous Poets) are men and women who can improvise rhymed verse, are popular throughout N.M., especially at social gatherings. These poets also compose:
adivinanzas: guessing word games;
alabados: religious hymns and chants especially popular with the Penitente Brotherhood and religious gatherings;
autos: short plays on religious themes;
canciones: songs, the most popular of all forms;
coplas: poetry in the form of a four‑line stanza;
corridos: narrative ballads descended from romances;
cuandos: accounts of adventures like buffalo hunting, always starting with “cuando--when”;
cuentos: short stories;
decimas: popular poetry structured in an introductory quatrain called a planta, then followed by four 10 line stanzas, each of which ends with a line from the planta, respectively;
dichos: sayings, proverbs;
folk theater;
inditas: witty and amusing variants of corrido forms, characterized by dancing between sung verses and the use of drums and Native American Indian rhythmic patterns; among others, sheepherders often composed inditas;
love poetry;
romances: narratives sung to a catchy melody; one of the oldest New Mexican romances is La Aparición, “The Apparition,” which tells about a bereaved husband’s encounter with his wife’s ghost who counsels him that he must adjust, find a good wife and seek happiness.
333. Dance is the typical way to celebrate something in NM and the most popular of social events. New Mexicans are extremely talented dancers.
334. Compadrazgo: part of the extended family chain in the Hispano community. Compadrazgo includes padrinos (godparents), parents and godparents thereafter referring to each other as “Compadre” or “Comadre.”
335. Peón (peonada): worker, yeoman; tradition of mutual assistance during peak labor periods like cutting and bailing alfalfa, shearing of sheep, harvest time.
336. Panasiyave: Ute chieftain (1844).
337. NM Population in 1846: some 65,000 people.
338. James W. Magoffin: American businessman who bribed Col. Archuleta to withdraw his detachment of Army regulars when the American army invaded NM. Archuleta was also promised that the USA wanted the land only to the Río Grande river as claimed by Texas.
339. General Stephen W. Kearny: leader of the invading American army. Upon entering Las Vegas, NM, Kearny tells the people: “We come among you for your benefit, not for your injury.” Col. Archuleta withdraws his professional soldiers and Kearny enters Santa Fe without firing a shot. He tells the people of Santa Fe that all of NM is now American territory and that they are now American citizens, that any New Mexican fighting against his forces will be executed for treason.
340. Kearny Code: laws (Organic Law of the Territory of NM) proclaimed by General Kearny (1846) with which to govern NM.
H. AMERICAN OCCUPATION
341. Charles Bent: appointed (1846) by Gen. Kearny as Governor of NM.
342. Susan Magoffin: one of the first (1846) American women in NM. (She kept a diary which has been published under the title Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico.)
343. Fort Marcy: built (1846) in Santa Fe, the first American military post in the Southwest.
344. Solomon Jacob Spiegelberg: one of the first Jews in NM (1846). He started a family business in Santa Fe and went on to be a highly successful merchant as well as a pillar of the community.
346. Manuel A. Chaves charged with Treason: Col. Sterling Price is advised that Chaves is a “dangerous” fighter so Price has him jailed on charges of treason against the USA. One Capt. Angney is assigned to defend Chaves in court, where he orates that the Mexican War is still being fought, that citizens of Mexico can’t be charged with treason against the USA. Chaves is acquitted.
345. Revolt of 1847: in an effort to combat American aggression, Governor Charles Bent and others are murdered by rebels intent on throwing out the American government. Col. Price orders the slaughter of all rebels. Those who are captured are brought to trial on charges of treason against the USA and executed. (Some 600 New Mexican died in the Revolt of 1847 and subsequent executions. The “Mexican rebels” were found guilty of treason against the USA and executed in Santa Fe and Taos.)
348. Fr. Ramon Ortiz: from El Paso is selected by the Mexican government to help New Mexicans move to Mexican territory if they wish. So many people express the desire to escape American severities (1848-49) that American authorities finally prevent Fr. Ortiz from completing his duties.
346. Costilla is settled (1849) by Carlos Beaubien (owner of the Sangre de Cristo land grant).
347. Lobo Blanco: Apache chief whose daughter was captured (1849) and later shot by Army personnel.
348. The New Mexican: Santa Fe newspaper, is being published (1849) regularly.
348. First American Post Office: established (1849) in Santa Fe.
349. Native Clergymen: there are 16 native NM priests in NM (1850).
350. New Mexico Territory: Congress refuses to allow NM to become a State in the Union, giving it Territorial status (1850) instead. (California and Utah are given statehood in 1850).
351. Report on Conditions in New Mexico: a report (1850) written by Col G.A. McCall.
352. Hispano Merchants: prominent (1850) NM families like the Otero, Perea, Yrizarri, Armijo, Chávez, Luna, Baca, González, Barela, etc. clans are deeply involved in commercial activities.
353. Cebolleteños: a band of men (1850-60) from Cebolleta in western NM who could be hired to kidnap a young Navajo to be given as a bridal gift to newlyweds.
354. La Placita (later renamed “Lincoln”) founded (1850) in southeastern NM.
355. Andricus Trujillo: built El Torreón, La Placita’s lookout tower, for protection against hostile Indians
I. TERRITORIAL PERIOD
356. San Luis: (now in southern Colorado) is founded (1851) by families from Taos and Mora.
357. Lamy and Machebeuf: the two French priests arrive (1851) in NM.
358. Christmas Pastoral Letter: delivered (1852) by Lamy. Writer Paul Horgan says that the Letter was addressed to NM’s native clergy, writer Angélico Chávez says it was directed to NM in general, that writers (like Horgan, etc.) are merely denigrating the people of NM and its native clergy.
359. La Academia de Nuestra Señora de la Luz: the Sisters of Loretto, brought to NM by Bishop Lamy, found (1852) this school for girls.
360. John Greiner: American Indian Agent (1852) for NM, writes that there are some 92,000 Indians in NM Territory and Army troops are worthless when it comes to catching hostile Indians.
361. Gadsden Treaty of 1853: establishes the boundary between Mexico and southern NM/Arizona.
362. El Gringo, or New Mexico and her People: book written by W.W.H. Davis, the first U.S. Attorney in NM (and the first American attorney to be charged with embezzlement). His book is generally critical of New Mexicans and laudatory of the “Anglo-Saxon” from the USA whom he considers to be superior to every other race of people.
363. William Pelham: first (1854) Surveyor General in NM.
364. E.A. Graves: Indian Agent (1854) for NM reports concerning the “uncivilized” Indians: “All that can be expected from an enlightened and Christian government, such as ours, is to graduate and smooth the passway for their final exit from the stage of human existence…”
365. Pueblo Suffrage: Pueblo people are henceforth (1854) denied the right to vote. (They had voting rights under Mexico.)
366. Chama: founded (1854).
367. Commerce on Santa Fe Trail in 1855: valued at $5,000,000.
368. African Americans in NM: after constant pressure from American authorities, civil rights of black people are restricted (1856).
369. Gila Expedition of 1857: Col. W. W. Loring leads his soldiers against fierce bands of Mogollon, Gila, and Coyotero Apaches. Manuel A. Chaves is selected as “Chief of Scouts,” a group comprised of native New Mexicans. The Scouts set such a pace that soldiers can’t keep up with them, falling asleep in their saddles.
370. Land Titles in 1857: Surveyor General William Pelham charges that “Congress refuses to take any action on land titles in NM.”
371. José Benito Ortega: (santero) is born (1858).
372. Slave Code Act of 1859: enacted in NM, legalizing American style black slavery. (New Mexicans are outraged.)
373. Plaza de los Leónes: founded (1859; now called Walsenburg, Co.).
374. Manuel A. Chaves and Bishop Lamy: get into a land boundary dispute (1859) concerning Chaves’ land and that of the Guadalupe Chapel owned by the Church.
375. Nampeyo: famous potter whose family also becomes famous as potters.
376. Trinidad: is founded (1860; now in Colorado) by Felipe Baca from Guadalupita.
377. First Yom Kippur: celebrated (1860) in NM; at the home of Levi Spiegelberg.
378. El Millionario: Felipe Chávez moves (1860) from Los Padillas to Belen and begins a phenomenal business career.
379. Land Grant Chicanery: begins to surface as of 1861. Many New Mexicans come to believe that the Government is actually trying to swindle them out of their lands.
380. Slave Code Act of 1859 repealed upon the outbreak of the Civil War. 1861. Military officers like Fauntleroy, Loring, Sibley, etc., enlist in the Confederate Army.
381. “So Patriotic in Nature” Gov. (1861-66) Connelly’s description of New Mexicans. While under the American flag only since 1846, some 3,500 New Mexicans (out of a total population of some 50,000) fought for the Union against the Confederacy.
382. Gen. H.H. Sibley: Confederate general who led Southern troops into NM during the Civil War.
383. Homestead Act of 1862: a citizen may file for 160 acres of land which will be his upon completion of requirements.
384. San Mateo: is founded (1862) by families from Cebolleta (Seboyeta).
385. Battle of Valverde (1862): Civil War battle; Confederate victory.
386. Confederate flag in Santa Fe: Union troops withdraw to Ft. Union and Confederate forces take Santa Fe (1862) without firing a shot.
387. Battle of Glorieta Pass (1862): NM frontiersman Manuel A. Chaves leads Colorado troops behind Confederate lines, enabling them to destroy the Confederates’ supply and ammunition train, forcing the withdrawal of the Confederate army from NM. (This ends the Civil War in NM.)
388. California Column: about 2400 soldiers under Gen. James Carleton, arrived in NM in 1862 with orders to preserve NM for the Union.
389. Bosque Redondo: the death camp to which all Navajos were forced to relocate from their native lands. Kit Carson was in charge of rounding up (1863-64) the Navajo Nation and forcing it on the death march to Bosque Redondo.
390. Giovanni M. Agostini (The Hermit): arrives (1863) in NM.
391. Stephen B. Elkins: arrives (1863) in NM.
392. San Marcial: is founded (1864).
394. “Prince of Comancheros” José Tafoya; called that because he traded the most heavily with plains Indians.
395. Sisters of Charity: come to NM in 1865. They were Vincent O’Keefe, Catherine Mallon, Theodosia Farn, Pauline Leo.
396. Elfego Baca: is born (1865) in Socorro.
397. Marian Russell: wife of a Lieutenant at Ft. Bascom. She wrote about her experiences on the NM frontier.
398. “Buffalo Soldiers” are African American soldiers in the US Cavalry serving in the Southwest. (Some 4,000 black soldiers are involved in the Indian wars in and around NM.)
399. Goodnight-Loving Trail: Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving blaze (1866) a new cattle trail across the lower Pecos area of NM. It becomes a popular route for cattle drives from Texas and NM to markets in Colorado and Wyoming.
400. Thomas B. Catron: arrives (1866) in NM.
401. John Chisum: arrives (1867) in NM (and becomes one of the cattle barons of the West).
402. Rev. Donato M. Gaspari: arrives (1867) in NM to lead the Jesuit missions. From Italy, he establishes and edits La Revista Católica, the beginning of the Catholic Press in the state.
403. Navajo Reservation: is created (1868 and ultimately contains some 15,000,000 acres in NM, Az., Utah.
404. Vicente Romero: from Córdova, a renowned Comanchero and plainsman.
405. Capitán Vigil: José Antonio Vigil from Cundiyó; renowned frontiersman, plainsman, and Comanchero.
406. Capitán Corona: Comanche Chieftain who fought Capitán Vigil on the plains.
407. Gov. William A. Pile (1869-71): Territorial governor who tried to destroy the NM Archives by throwing them out in the street.
408. Francis Oliver: received the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1870 for bravery in action while fighting the Apaches. (Enlisted in NM.)
409. Kwahadis and Kotsotekas Comanches: go to Ft. Bascom (1869) and ask for reservation lands in NM in order to be able to trade with their Hispano NM friends. Chief Mow-way is one of the Comanche leaders. (The request is refused and the Comanches are forced to live in Oklahoma.)
410. John Becker: arrives (ca. 1870) in NM; from Hanover, Germany.
411. “The largest individual land holder in the USA” is said to be T.B. Catron. (Catron and Elkins are “credited” with promoting the idea that “common lands” were owned in shares that could be bought and sold. This was illegal under Hispanic law but American courts accepted the rationale in order to take the land from Hispanos.)
412. Mora Octagonal Tinsmith: is producing work from 1870-90.
413. Río Arriba Workshop: northern NM tinsmiths who are producing items from ca. 1870-95. The Taos Serrate Tinsmith is producing ca. 1870-1905.
414. Pablo Abeita: is born (1871) at Isleta Pueblo.
415. John Hittson: a Texas rancher who led (July to December, 1872) an armed force into NM to reclaim cattle he said had been stolen in Texas.
416. Spiral Staircase: legendary stairs built (ca. 1873) with two complete 360 degree turns, without a center post, in the Loretto Chapel in Santa Fe.
417. Felipe M. Chacón: is born (1873) in Santa Fe.
418. Horrell War: of 1873 involved the family of Ben Horrell, who was killed in a gunfight. Other family members from Texas seek revenge and target “Mexicans,” shooting them down in cold blood. They returned to Texas but left a vile heritage of ethnic hatred for southeastern NM.
419. Charles Ilfeld: buys out his partner (1874) and the Charles Ilfeld Co. goes on to become the largest mercantile firm in NM.
420. “Broken Promises:” The Federal Government (1874) doesn’t comply with its promises of supplies for the Comanches and Kiowas.
421. Eben Stanley: receives the Congressional Medal of Honor (1875; enlisted in the Army in NM) for gallantry in action near Turret Mountain, Arizona.
422. Jean B. Lamy: is consecrated (1875) as Archbishop of Santa Fe.
423. José María Apodaca: sometimes referred to as the “Small Scallop Tinsmith,” is producing tinwork (1875-1915).
424. Flora Langermann Spiegelberg: arrives in NM (1875). The wife of Willie Spiegelberg, she makes her home a social center for various well known personalities of the day.
425. Kwahadi Comanches: are the last Comanches to surrender (1875) to the Army. They had asked for land in NM but many chiefs are sent to prison in Florida and the people aren’t permitted to live in NM.
426. Reverend F.J. Tolby: Methodist-Episcopal minister is murdered (1875). People from Colfax county charge that Rev. Tolby’s murder was ordered by the Santa Fe Ring.
427. Santa Fe Ring: an informal association of lawyers, judges, politicians, newspaper editors, business men, etc. who controlled virtually every aspect NM life for their own gain
428. Lincoln County War: Opposing forces fight (1875-78) for control of the economic life of Lincoln County. Billy the Kid is a participant.
429. Río Abajo Tinsmiths: from the Belén/Los Lunas area villages, are producing tin art from the years 1875-1900.
430. Farmington: is founded (1876) by William and Simeon Hendrickson, two gold prospectors from Colorado.
431. First bar mitzvah in Santa Fe: young Alfred Grunsfeld is inducted into manhood (1876).
432. “Elkins Handshake of 1876:” Delegate to Congress S.B Elkins congratulates a speaker who has just delivered an anti-slavery speech in Congress and Southerners are said to vote against NM statehood in retaliation. This is one of the fantasies used to cover up why statehood was denied to NM for so long.
433. Partition Statute: the Territorial Legislature enacts (1876) this law wherein a court can require that a jointly owned land grant can be divided among it owners or sold to pay attorneys and/or court fees, when requested by even one owner.
434. Sotero Ortiz: is born (1877) at San Juan Pueblo.
435. Manuel Jesús Vásquez: from Peñasco, joins a cibolero hunt (1877). The hunters are out on the plains harvesting buffalo for three months.
436. Jesuit College: opens (1877) its doors in Las Vegas. All students are welcome regardless of religious affiliation.
437. Robert McDonald: (b. in New York; entered Army at Ft. Sumner) displays such valor against hostile Indians in Montana (1877) that he is awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor (1884).
438. Atchison Topeka and the Santa Fe Railroad: reaches Las Vegas (1879).
439. Severino Trujillo: founds (1879) La Estrella de Mora newspaper.
440. Victorio: is leading Apache raiders (1879-83) because of Government broken promises.
441. Adolph Bandelier: from Switzerland, is doing archaeological work (1880-86) in the Frijoles Canyon ruins.
442. Penitente Santeros: include Juan Ramón Velásquez, Juan Miguel Herrera, and others known only by their work: Carver of the Muscular Torso Crucifixes, Master of the Penitente Cristos, Abiquiú Morada Santero.
443. Manuel Salazar: author (1881) of La historia de un caminante, o sea, Gervacio y Aurora. (Salazar is thought to be NM’s first novelist.)
444. The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid: series of articles published (1882) by Pat Garrett (said to be ghosted by Ash Upson) in the Santa Fe New Mexican newspaper..
445. Land Fraud: is rampant (1880s) in NM, especially where land grants are concerned, but also with laws like the Homestead Act, Desert Land Act, etc. From 1884 to 1891 there are 641 cases filed over land fraud.
446. Mescalero Apache Reservation: is established (1883) with 474,240 acres in the Ruidoso area.
447. Miguel Archibeque: future leader of the Penitente Brotherhood, is born (1883) at San Miguel.
448. Albert B. Fall: arrives (1883) in NM.
449. “Greatest Gun Fight in the West” Elfego Baca single-handedly fights (1884) some 80-84 cowboys for some thirty-three hours.
450. Isleta Tinsmith: is producing (1885-1920) distinctive tinwork. It is unknown where he works or if he is Hispanic or Native American.
451. Temple Montefiore: is the first (1886) synagogue in NM; in Las Vegas.
452. Dawes Allotment Act: of 1887 was an effort to get NM Indian land into individual Indian ownership. Each Indian would get title to 160 acres of land. “Surplus land” would revert to the Government who then intended to sell it to “settlers.”
453. “Land Stealing in New Mexico” an article by Surveyor General George Julian published (1887) in the North American Review. Julian condemns people like those in the Santa Fe Ring for usurping land because he believes the Government should own it.
454. Adolf Didier: a wine maker from France, arrives (1888) in NM.
455. Solomon Bibo: originally from Germany, is elected Governor by the people of Acoma Pueblo.
456. Fr. Juan B. Railliere: a French priest, arrives (1888) in Tomé and becomes famous for his ministry there.
457. Nestor Montoya: founds (1888) the La Voz del Pueblo newspaper.
458. “Gorras Blancas” White Caps: the Herrera brothers Juan, Pablo, Nicanor, organize this group in Las Vegas to combat the swindle of grant lands.
459. Ta-Key-Sane: of Santa Clara Pueblo is designing and creating (1890s) pottery.
460. “Sunshine State” Gov. Bradford Prince is credited with coining this phrase describing NM.
461. “La Banda Lírica”: founded (ca.1890) by J.M. Hilario Alaríd, it becomes one of the most famous bands in NM.
462. Public Education Law of 1890: makes English the language of instruction in all public schools.
463. Mesilla Combed Paint Tinsmith: is producing (1890-1920) tinworks in southern NM. (His is the only identified tinwork originating in southern NM.)
464. New Mexico Military Institute: is founded (1891) in Roswell.
465. El Mosquito: newspaper founded (1891) by Camilo Padilla in Mora.
466. A New Mexico David and Other Stories: published (1891) by Charles F. Lummis.
467. El Sol De Mayo: newspaper founded (1891) by attorney Manuel C. De Baca.
468. El Combate: newspaper founded (1892) by José Escobar.
469. Court of Private Land Claims: operating from 1891-1904, was an effort to settle disputed land titles in NM, Az, Co., Wyo., Nev., and Utah. In NM it mostly ruled that the federal government owned the land. U.S. Attorney M.G. Reynolds utilized “expert witnesses” like Will Tipton and Henry O. Flipper to take over the land for the Federal Government.
470. Eusebio Chacón: famous NM writer, publishes (1892) two novels: El hijo de la Tempestad and Tras la tormenta la calma.
471. “Ranchero Lifestyle” the independent way of life led by NM farm and ranch people.
472. Vicente Silva: gangster from Las Vegas, NM.
473. Hispano-American Press Association: is created (1892) with Victor L. Ochoa as its first president.
474. Aurora Lucero: is born (1893).
475. X.X.X.: the alias used by NM writer Luis Tafoya. (Two assassination attempts were made on his life because of his writings.)
476. La Prensa Asociada Hispano Americana – The Hispanic American Associated Press: meets (1893) to elect officers. Journalists from NM, Co., and Texas are in attendance.
477. Borrego Murder Case: T.B. Catron defends (1894) the accused murderers of J. Francisco Chaves.
478. “New Mexico and Its Illustrious Men:” a biweekly series of articles published (1894) by José Escobar in La Opinion Pública in Albuquerque.
479. El Independiente: Las Vegas newspaper founded (1894) by cultural champion Enrique H. Salazar.
480. Henry O. Flipper: one of the few African Americans in NM; compiled much information on Spanish and Mexican land law. It was then published in book form under the name of his boss, M.G. Reynolds, the U.S. Attorney.
481. Martin Vigil: is born (1896) in Tesuque Pueblo.
482. Albert Fountain: and his nine-year-old son Henry are murdered (1896).
483. Andrew Van der Wagen and wife Effa: arrive (1896) in Gallup and begin doing missionary work.
484. US v. Sandoval (1897): sets the precedent for denying confirmation of common lands to land grant claimants. (Under Hispanic laws (Spain/Mexico) these lands were owned in common by heirs living on the grant but the Supreme Court ruled they belonged to the Federal Government.)
485. Miguel “Gillie” Otero II: the first (only) NM Hispano to be appointed (1897) Governor during the Territorial period.
486. Hayes v. United States (1898): a landmark case which declares land grant claimants will henceforth have to prove that granting officials had the authority to award grants of land, and if copies of the original documents were made that the copier had the authority to do so. (This is contrary to the provisions in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo but government lawyers and judges don’t concern themselves with such responsibilities.)
487. Cosme Herrera: discovers (1908) that the Jacona land grant will be sold to the highest bidder, as directed by the Court in a lawsuit directed against “unknown heirs” living on the grant who were never notified about the lawsuit. He gathers money from the people and “buys” the grant which is then deeded to villagers living on the Jacona land grant.
488. Porfirio Gonzales: writes (1898) a novel titled Historia de un cautivo (History of a Captive).
489. Los Ocho Pintores, The Taos Society of Artists: consists (1898) of Ernest Blumenschein, Bert Phillips, Joseph Sharp, Oscar Berninghaus, Irving Couse, Walter Ufer, and Victor Higgins.
490. First New Mexico Cavalry: of 14 officers and 342 enlisted men are mustered into service (1898) for the Spanish American War. They become part of the Cavalry unit popularly referred to as the “Rough Riders.”
491. Carlos Vierra: objected to the movement (1898) to “modernize” Santa Fe by knocking down “old buildings” like the Palace of the Governors. He and other members of the Santa Fe art colony lead a counter movement to preserve existing historic buildings and build new ones along the same style (which is now called the “Santa Fe Style” of architecture).
492. THE GREASER: an article published (1899) in the Atlantic Monthly in which the author states “Anglos” are superior to New Mexicans.
493. Alejandro Gallegos: master carpenter from Peñasco is producing (1899) NM style furniture though the railroad is bringing other styles from the USA.
494. “Hispano Homeland:” (an area about the size of Utah); NM Hispanics are settled (1899) in and developing areas in five states. Santa Fe is the heart of the “Homeland.”
495. Art Colonies: are centered (1900-1942) in the Taos and Santa Fe areas.
496. Religious Crimes Code (1900-1920): Missionaries working for the Bureau of Indian Affairs sponsor passage of these laws in order to prohibit ceremonial practices which they find unacceptable and punish Indians who believe in them.
497. Blackdom: is founded (1901) some 16 miles south of Roswell; by Francis Boyer.
498. Jim White: discovers (1901) the Carlsbad Caverns.
499. Tenos Tabet: and his wife, both born in Syria, open (1902) a general store in Manzano.
500. Felipe Chávez School: a private school for girls, founded (1902) and endowed by Felipe Chávez.
501. Alvarado Hotel: is completed (1905) in Albuquerque and becomes the jewel of the Fred Harvey hotel chain.
502. Blue Lake: President Theodore Roosevelt takes (1906) Blue Lake away from Taos Pueblo and makes it a federal area for “progress.”
503. Women and Law: the NM Legislature enacts (1907) a law which restricts women from owning land. Contrary to Hispanic NM law but in keeping with traditional American law, henceforth only the husband can dispose of property and women can’t make a will or designate heirs to land or anything she owns.
504. Edgar Lee Hewett: is a champion (1909) of the historical and cultural preservation movement.
505. Saturnino Baca: founds (1910) the Hispano Americano newspaper (later called the Belén News) in Belén.
506. Priest v. Town of Las Vegas: the State Supreme Court rules that land grant property owners must be identified by name, not as “unknown heirs.”
507. Forty Years as a Legislator, or the Biography of Casimiro Barela: published (1911) by José E. Fernández.
508. Rodriguez v. La Cueva Ranch Co.: the State Supreme Court rules (1911) that land grant heirs living on land sought in any court action have to be notified in person instead of merely publishing notice in a newspaper.
509. John W. Brink and wife Bertha: arrive (1911) in Rehoboth and begin missionary work.
510. January 6, 1912: NM becomes the 47th State of the Union.
J. STATEHOOD
511. Catron Seat/Fall Seat: in 1912 the State Legislature appointed T.B. Catron and A.B. Fall to be NM’s first Senators. Thereafter all Senators had to be elected by the people.
512. Chino Copper Co.: begins production (1912) in Hurley.
513. “The People’s Champion” refers to Ezequiel C. de Baca because of his involvement in “people issues” of the day (1913).
514. Policarpio Valencia is producing (1914) embroidered quilts which contain dichos as well as Penitente alabados.
515. Smith-Lever Act of 1914: establishes agricultural extension services in order to improve farm and home practices.
516. “Seasonal Labor” Out of State companies send (1915) representatives to recruit workers in NM.
517. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: first chapter is founded (1915) in NM.
518. Alfred V. Kidder: beginning in 1915, spends ten summers studying archaeological artifacts at Pecos.
519. Alice Corbin Henderson: arrives (1916) in Santa Fe with her husband William.
520. Pancho Villa: some of his men attack (1916) Columbus, NM.
521. José Dolores López: begins (1917) carving in wood (and goes on to become the Father of NM woodcarving).
522. Mabel Dodge (Sterne): arrives (1917) in Taos.
523. Santa Fe Fiesta: is revived (1918).
524. Mary Austin: arrives (1918) in Santa Fe.
525. “Sanatoria” institutions catering (1920) to people with tuberculosis can be found throughout NM.
526. Census of 1920: there are some 325,000 people living in NM.
527. College of St. Joseph founded (1920) by the Sisters of St. Francis in Albuquerque.
528. Bursum Bill of 1921: NM Senator Holm Bursum sponsors a bill in Congress that would take land away from Indians. Bursum’s unpublicized bill is finally exposed and rejected by the Congress.
529. Severo Jaramillo Weaving Shop is opened (1922) in Chimayó by Severo and his wife Teresita.
530. Gamerco Strike: takes place (1922) in Gallup.
531. Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial is established (1922) in Gallup.
532. Middle Río Grande Conservancy District is organized (1923).
533. Indian Citizenship: Native Americans are legally declared (1924) citizens of the USA.
534. Obras de Felipe Maximiliano Chacón: is published (1924).
535. Poets’ Roundup: “literary evenings” held in the home of William and Alice Corbin Henderson. Various personalities were always in attendance (referred to by Witter Bynner as “mud-hut nuts”).
536. Revista Ilustrada: NM’s most popular magazine. Editor Camilo Padilla relocates (1925) it to Santa Fe.
537. Santa Fe Indian Detours: the AT&SF railroad sponsors (1925) a three-day trip for tourists through certain Indian pueblos.
538. Santa Cruz Irrigation District is created (1925).
539. Elizabeth DeHuff: presents (starting in 1925) “lantern-slide lectures” three to six times a week at the La Fonda Hotel in Santa Fe. Pueblo culture is promoted for tourists while Hispanic village life is ignored. (Not a single Hispanic person is shown in DeHuff’s slides.)
540. Zozobra: “Old Man Gloom,” is created (1926) for the Santa Fe Fiesta by Will Shuster.
541. Celso Gallegos: takes first place (1926 and also in 1927) in woodcarving in the Spanish Colonial Arts Competition.
542. Nicolai Fechin: internationally renowned Russian artist, visits (1926) Taos and decides to live there.
542. Willa Cather: publishes (1927) her novel Death Comes for the Archbishop.
543. John Collier: is recognized as a champion of Indian causes.
544. Francisco Delgado operates (1928) the Colonial Tin Antiques shop on Canyon Road in Santa Fe.
545. E. (Elizabeth) Boyd arrives (1929) in NM.
546. University of New Mexico Press is founded (1929).
547. Georgia O’Keefe arrives (1929) in Taos.
548. Infant Mortality Rates: are (1929) 61 per 1,000 in the USA but 141 per 1,000 in NM.
549. Mabel Dodge Luhan Memoirs are published in the 1930s as an effort to unmask “…the social system that taught her that the only way to succeed in life is by having power over other human beings…”
550. Robert H. Goddard becomes the “Father of Modern Rocketry” due to his work (1930s) while living in Roswell.
551. Okies & Arkies: due to the Great Depression, impoverished migrants from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas enter NM looking for work.
552. Francisco Sandoval: is producing tinwork (1930s) in Santa Fe.
553. Jesus Pallares becomes a labor organizer (1930s) and is accused of being a Communist agitator in order to get him deported.
554. John Collier: is appointed (1933) as Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
555. “Tewa Basin Study” is authored (1933) by E. Shevky; reveals the acute suffering of Hispanic villagers during the Great Depression.
556. Discrimination at UNM (1933): Hispanics are targeted for exclusion from membership in fraternities and sororities.
557. Patrociño Barela: is producing (1930s) wood sculptures and goes on to become America’s greatest wood sculptor.
558. Lorin Brown: records much NM folklore while working (1930s-40s) for the Works Progress Administration.
559. “Un-American Activities:” UNM professors Arthur Campa and George I. Sánchez announce (1937) plans to hold the first ever “National Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples in the USA” at UNM. The House of Un-American Activities Committee applies pressure to UNM, accusing Campa and Sánchez of being “radicals and communists.” The conference never takes place.
560. Bill Mauldin: joins the Army (1939) and goes on to create memorable cartoons and satire, along with entertaining characters like “Willie and Joe.” He is awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 and 1959.
561. Congregation Albert: is NM’s leading (1940) Jewish institution.
562. Olen E. Leonard is living (1940) in the village of El Cerrito to study the people. He takes testimony from villagers and later publishes his work under the title of The Role of the Land Grant. Among other things, villagers tell Leonard that their poverty began in 1904 when their common lands were taken away from them.
563. Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans is published (1940) by George I. Sánchez.
564. Angélico Chávez: NM’s “Renaisance Man” from Wagon Mound, begins (1940) an illustrious career as scholar, historian, writer, genealogist.
565. Kirtland Air Force Base begins (1941) as the Army Air Depot.
566. 200th Coast Artillery and the 515th Coast Artillery: sent (1941) to the Philippine Islands. “Heroes of Bataan and Corregidor,” composed mostly of NM National Guardsmen.
567. Navajo Code Talkers: a group created (1942) to communicate military information by using the Navajo language. The code was never broken by the enemy.
568. Manhattan Project: the top secret operation (1942) that brought scientists to Los Alamos to create the atomic bomb.
569. NM Boys Ranch is incorporated (1944) and founded (1946).
570. Trinity Site: the world’s first (1945) atomic bomb is exploded on this spot at White Sands Missile Range.
571. Saints & Saintmakers of New Mexico: the first well researched book on NM santos is published (1946) by E. Boyd.
572. Georgia Lusk: becomes the first (1946) NM woman to be elected to the US House of Representatives.
573. Sandía Laboratories is founded (1947) in Albuquerque.
574. Roswell Incident: various people report (1947) sighting and then finding wreckage from an alien space ship.
575. Monastery of Via Coeli is established (1947) at Jémez Springs as a place to help priests with personal problems.
576. Flavia Waters Champe sees the Matachines Dance for the first time (1947) and later publishes The Matachines Dance of the Upper Río Grande: History, Music, and Choreography (1983).
577. Paddy Martínez: Navajo sheepherder, discovers (1949) uranium near Grants.
578. Smokey Bear: a small cub is rescued (1949) after a fire in the El Capitán mountains and is named “Smokey Bear.” The animal goes on to become NM’s best known “celebrity” (Billy the Kid being second).
579. Brother Mathias: Mathias Barrett founds (1949) the first house of the “Little Brothers of the Good Shepherd” to help the desperately poor and in time the order spreads throughout the world.